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<!DOCTYPE library PUBLIC "-//Boost//DTD BoostBook XML V1.0//EN" "http://www.boost.org/tools/boostbook/dtd/boostbook.dtd">
<library id="context" name="Context" dirname="context" last-revision="$Date: 2019/10/02 06:15:27 $"
 xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <libraryinfo>
    <authorgroup>
    <author>
      <firstname>Oliver</firstname> <surname>Kowalke</surname>
    </author>
    </authorgroup>
    <copyright>
      <year>2014</year> <holder>Oliver Kowalke</holder>
    </copyright>
    <legalnotice id="context.legal">
      <para>
        Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
        file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <ulink url="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</ulink>)
      </para>
    </legalnotice>
    <librarypurpose>
      C++ Library for swiching different user ctx
    </librarypurpose>
    <librarycategory name="category:text"></librarycategory>
  </libraryinfo>
  <title>Context</title>
  <section id="context.overview">
    <title><link linkend="context.overview">Overview</link></title>
    <para>
      <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> is a foundational library that
      provides a sort of cooperative multitasking on a single thread. By providing
      an abstraction of the current execution state in the current thread, including
      the stack (with local variables) and stack pointer, all registers and CPU flags,
      and the instruction pointer, a execution context represents a specific point
      in the application's execution path. This is useful for building higher-level
      abstractions, like <emphasis>coroutines</emphasis>, <emphasis>cooperative threads
      (userland threads)</emphasis> or an equivalent to <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/9k7k7cf0%28v=vs.80%29.aspx">C#
      keyword <emphasis>yield</emphasis></ulink> in C++.
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link>/<link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link>
      provides the means to suspend the current execution path and to transfer execution
      control, thereby permitting another context to run on the current thread. This
      state full transfer mechanism enables a context to suspend execution from within
      nested functions and, later, to resume from where it was suspended. While the
      execution path represented by a <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link>
      only runs on a single thread, it can be migrated to another thread at any given
      time.
    </para>
    <para>
      A <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch">context switch</ulink>
      between threads requires system calls (involving the OS kernel), which can
      cost more than thousand CPU cycles on x86 CPUs. By contrast, transferring control
      vias <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link>/<link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link>
      requires only few CPU cycles because it does not involve system calls as it
      is done within a single thread.
    </para>
    <para>
      All functions and classes are contained in the namespace <emphasis>boost::context</emphasis>.
    </para>
    <note>
      <para>
        This library requires C++11!
      </para>
    </note>
    <important>
      <para>
        Windows using fcontext_t: turn off global program optimization (/GL) and
        change /EHsc (compiler assumes that functions declared as extern &quot;C&quot;
        never throw a C++ exception) to /EHs (tells compiler assumes that functions
        declared as extern &quot;C&quot; may throw an exception).
      </para>
    </important>
  </section>
  <section id="context.requirements">
    <title><link linkend="context.requirements">Requirements</link></title>
    <para>
      If <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> uses fcontext_t (the default)
      as its implementation, it must be built for the particular compiler(s) and
      CPU architecture(s) being targeted. Using <link linkend="implementation"><emphasis>fcontext_t</emphasis></link>,
      <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> includes assembly code and,
      therefore, requires GNU as and GNU preprocessor for supported POSIX systems,
      MASM for Windows/x86 systems and ARMasm for Windows/arm systems.
    </para>
    <note>
      <para>
        MASM64 (ml64.exe) is a part of Microsoft's Windows Driver Kit.
      </para>
    </note>
    <important>
      <para>
        Please note that <code><phrase role="identifier">address</phrase><phrase
        role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="identifier">model</phrase><phrase
        role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">64</phrase></code> must be
        given to bjam command line on 64bit Windows for 64bit build; otherwise 32bit
        code will be generated.
      </para>
    </important>
    <important>
      <para>
        For cross-compiling the lib you must specify certain additional properties
        at bjam command line: <code><phrase role="identifier">target</phrase><phrase
        role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>, <code><phrase
        role="identifier">abi</phrase></code>, <code><phrase role="identifier">binary</phrase><phrase
        role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="identifier">format</phrase></code>,
        <code><phrase role="identifier">architecture</phrase></code> and <code><phrase
        role="identifier">address</phrase><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">model</phrase></code>.
      </para>
    </important>
    <important>
      <para>
        Windows using fcontext_t: for safe SEH the property 'asmflags=\safeseh' must
        be specified at bjam command line.
      </para>
    </important>
    <important>
      <para>
        Windows using fcontext_t: turn off global program optimization (/GL) and
        change /EHsc (compiler assumes that functions declared as extern &quot;C&quot;
        never throw a C++ exception) to /EHs (tells compiler assumes that functions
        declared as extern &quot;C&quot; may throw an exception).
      </para>
    </important>
    <para>
      Because this library uses C++11 extensively, it requires a compatible compiler.
      Known minimum working versions are as follows: Microsoft Visual Studio 2015
      (msvc-14.0), GCC 4.8 (with -std=c++11), Clang 3.4 (with -std=c++11). Other
      compilers may work, if they support the following language features: auto declarations,
      constexpr, defaulted functions, final, hdr thread, hdr tuple, lambdas, noexcept,
      nullptr, rvalue references, template aliases. thread local, variadic templates.
    </para>
  </section>
  <section id="context.ff">
    <title><anchor id="ff"/><link linkend="context.ff">Context switching with fibers</link></title>
    <note>
      <para>
        <emphasis>fiber</emphasis> is the reference implementation of C++ proposal
        <ulink url="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0876r0.pdf">P0876R0:
        fibers without scheduler</ulink>.
      </para>
    </note>
    <para>
      A <emphasis>fiber</emphasis> represents the state of the control flow of a
      program at a given point in time. Fibers can be suspended and resumed later
      in order to change the control flow of a program.
    </para>
    <para>
      Modern micro-processors are registers machines; the content of processor registers
      represent a fiber of the executed program at a given point in time. Operating
      systems simulate parallel execution of programs on a single processor by switching
      between programs (context switch) by preserving and restoring the fiber, e.g.
      the content of all registers.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ff.h0">
      <phrase id="context.ff._link_linkend__ff___emphasis_fiber__emphasis___link_"/><link
      linkend="context.ff._link_linkend__ff___emphasis_fiber__emphasis___link_"><link
      linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link></link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> captures the current fiber
      (the rest of the computation; code after <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>)
      and triggers a context switch. The context switch is achieved by preserving
      certain registers (including instruction and stack pointer), defined by the
      calling convention of the ABI, of the current fiber and restoring those registers
      of the resumed fiber. The control flow of the resumed fiber continues. The
      current fiber is suspended and passed as argument to the resumed fiber.
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> expects a <emphasis>context-function</emphasis>
      with signature <code><phrase role="char">'fiber(fiber &amp;&amp; f)'</phrase></code>.
      The parameter <code><phrase role="identifier">f</phrase></code> represents
      the current fiber from which this fiber was resumed (e.g. that has called
      <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>).
    </para>
    <para>
      On return the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis> of the current fiber has
      to specify an <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> to which
      the execution control is transferred after termination of the current fiber.
    </para>
    <para>
      If an instance with valid state goes out of scope and the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis>
      has not yet returned, the stack is traversed in order to access the control
      structure (address stored at the first stack frame) and fiber's stack is deallocated
      via the <emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis>.
    </para>
    <note>
      <para>
        <link linkend="segmented"><emphasis>Segmented stacks</emphasis></link> are
        supported by <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> using
        <link linkend="implementation"><emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis></link>.
      </para>
    </note>
    <para>
      <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> represents a <emphasis>fiber</emphasis>;
      it contains the content of preserved registers and manages the associated stack
      (allocation/deallocation). <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>
      is a one-shot fiber - it can be used only once, after calling <emphasis>continuation::resume()</emphasis>
      or <emphasis>continuation::resume_with()</emphasis> it is invalidated.
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> is only move-constructible
      and move-assignable.
    </para>
    <para>
      As a first-class object <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>
      can be applied to and returned from a function, assigned to a variable or stored
      in a container.
    </para>
    <para>
      A fiber is continued by calling <code><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase
      role="special">()</phrase></code>/<code><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase
      role="special">()</phrase></code>.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ff.h1">
      <phrase id="context.ff.usage"/><link linkend="context.ff.usage">Usage</link>
    </bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">{[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">for</phrase><phrase role="special">(;;){</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
        <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">+</phrase><phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}};</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">for</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">j</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">j</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">10</phrase><phrase role="special">;++</phrase><phrase role="identifier">j</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">a</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot; &quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="number">0</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase> <phrase role="number">2</phrase> <phrase role="number">3</phrase> <phrase role="number">5</phrase> <phrase role="number">8</phrase> <phrase role="number">13</phrase> <phrase role="number">21</phrase> <phrase role="number">34</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      This simple example demonstrates the basic usage of <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>
      as a <emphasis>generator</emphasis>. The fiber <code><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase></code>
      represents the <emphasis>main</emphasis>-fiber (function <code><phrase role="identifier">main</phrase><phrase
      role="special">()</phrase></code>). <code><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase></code>
      is captured (current-fiber) by invoking <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>
      and passed as parameter to the lambda.
    </para>
    <para>
      Because the state is invalidated (one-shot fiber) by each call of <emphasis>continuation::resume()</emphasis>,
      the new state of the <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>,
      returned by <emphasis>continuation::resume()</emphasis>, needs to be assigned
      to <code><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase></code> after each call. In
      order to express the invalidation of the resumed fiber, the member functions
      <code><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
      and <code><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
      are rvalue-ref qualified. Both functions bind only to rvalues. Thus an lvalue
      fiber must be casted to an rvalue via <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
      role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
    </para>
    <para>
      The lambda that calculates the Fibonacci numbers is executed inside the fiber
      represented by <code><phrase role="identifier">source</phrase></code>. Calculated
      Fibonacci numbers are transferred between the two fibers via variable <code><phrase
      role="identifier">a</phrase></code> (lambda capture reference).
    </para>
    <para>
      The locale variables <code><phrase role="identifier">b</phrase></code> and
      <code> <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase></code> remain their values during
      each context switch. This is possible due <code><phrase role="identifier">source</phrase></code>
      has its own stack and the stack is exchanged by each context switch.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ff.h2">
      <phrase id="context.ff.parameter_passing"/><link linkend="context.ff.parameter_passing">Parameter
      passing</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      Data can be transferred between two fibers via global pointers, calling wrappers
      (like <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">bind</phrase></code>) or lambda captures.
    </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">{[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">printf</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;inside f1,i==%d\n&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}};</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">printf</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;i==%d\n&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">inside</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c1</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="number">2</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      <code><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
      enters the lambda in fiber represented by <code><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase></code>
      with lambda capture reference <code><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase
      role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase></code>. The expression
      <code><phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
      resumes the fiber <code><phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase></code>. On return
      of <code><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>,
      the variable <code><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase></code> has the value
      of <code><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">+</phrase><phrase
      role="number">1</phrase></code>.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ff.h3">
      <phrase id="context.ff.exception_handling"/><link linkend="context.ff.exception_handling">Exception
      handling</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      If the function executed inside a <emphasis>context-function</emphasis> emits
      an exception, the application is terminated by calling <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
      role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">terminate</phrase><phrase
      role="special">()</phrase></code>. <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
      role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">exception_ptr</phrase></code>
      can be used to transfer exceptions between different fibers.
    </para>
    <important>
      <para>
        Do not jump from inside a catch block and then re-throw the exception in
        another fiber.
      </para>
    </important>
    <anchor id="ff_ontop"/>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ff.h4">
      <phrase id="context.ff.executing_function_on_top_of_a_fiber"/><link linkend="context.ff.executing_function_on_top_of_a_fiber">Executing
      function on top of a fiber</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      Sometimes it is useful to execute a new function on top of a resumed fiber.
      For this purpose <emphasis>continuation::resume_with()</emphasis> has to be
      used. The function passed as argument must accept a rvalue reference to <link
      linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> and return <code><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase></code>.
    </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">{[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: entered first time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: entered second time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: entered third time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}};</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: returned first time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: returned second time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">([&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f2: entered: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">=-</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: returned third time&quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">first</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">0</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">returned</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">first</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">second</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">2</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">returned</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">second</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">3</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">4</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">third</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">returned</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">third</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      The expression <code><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">(...)</phrase></code>
      executes a lambda on top of fiber <code><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase></code>,
      e.g. an additional stack frame is allocated on top of the stack. This lambda
      assigns <code><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase></code>
      to <code><phrase role="identifier">data</phrase></code> and returns to the
      second invocation of <code><phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
    </para>
    <para>
      Another option is to execute a function on top of the fiber that throws an
      exception.
    </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">public</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">runtime_error</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase>    <phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">f_</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">what</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">runtime_error</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">what</phrase> <phrase role="special">},</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f_</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">{[](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">-&gt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;entered&quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">try</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">catch</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ex</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cerr</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;my_exception: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ex</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">what</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
        <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ex</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="special">{};</phrase>
<phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">([](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">-&gt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">throw</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">),</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;abc&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="special">{};</phrase>
<phrase role="special">});</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">abc</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      In this exception <code><phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase></code>
      is throw from a function invoked on-top of fiber <code><phrase role="identifier">f</phrase></code>
      and catched inside the <code><phrase role="keyword">for</phrase></code>-loop.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ff.h5">
      <phrase id="context.ff.stack_unwinding"/><link linkend="context.ff.stack_unwinding">Stack
      unwinding</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      On construction of <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> a stack
      is allocated. If the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis> returns the stack
      will be destructed. If the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis> has not yet
      returned and the destructor of an valid <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>
      instance (e.g. <emphasis>fiber::operator bool()</emphasis> returns <code><phrase
      role="keyword">true</phrase></code>) is called, the stack will be destructed
      too.
    </para>
    <important>
      <para>
        Code executed by <emphasis>context-function</emphasis> must not prevent the
        propagation ofs the <emphasis>detail::forced_unwind</emphasis> exception.
        Absorbing that exception will cause stack unwinding to fail. Thus, any code
        that catches all exceptions must re-throw any pending <emphasis>detail::forced_unwind</emphasis>
        exception.
      </para>
    </important>
    <anchor id="ff_prealloc"/>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ff.h6">
      <phrase id="context.ff.allocating_control_structures_on_top_of_stack"/><link
      linkend="context.ff.allocating_control_structures_on_top_of_stack">Allocating
      control structures on top of stack</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      Allocating control structures on top of the stack requires to allocated the
      <emphasis>stack_context</emphasis> and create the control structure with placement
      new before <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> is created.
    </para>
    <note>
      <para>
        The user is responsible for destructing the control structure at the top
        of the stack.
      </para>
    </note>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// stack-allocator used for (de-)allocating stack</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="number">4048</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// allocate stack space</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// reserve space for control structure on top of the stack</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">*&gt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">)-</phrase><phrase role="keyword">sizeof</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="keyword">sizeof</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// placement new creates control structure on reserved space</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cs</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">new</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// destructing the control structure</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">cs</phrase><phrase role="special">-&gt;~</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase>  <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="comment">// captured fiber</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase>   <phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAllocator</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">StackAllocator</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
        <phrase role="comment">// create captured fiber</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">f</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">),</phrase><phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">entry_func</phrase><phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ff.h7">
      <phrase id="context.ff.inverting_the_control_flow"/><link linkend="context.ff.inverting_the_control_flow">Inverting
      the control flow</link>
    </bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">/*
 * grammar:
 *   P ---&gt; E '\0'
 *   E ---&gt; T {('+'|'-') T}
 *   T ---&gt; S {('*'|'/') S}
 *   S ---&gt; digit | '(' E ')'
 */</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
   <phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
   <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">istream</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
   <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">function</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">)&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">pull</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
        <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">char_traits</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">to_char_type</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">get</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
       <phrase role="keyword">do</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
           <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">pull</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
       <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
       <phrase role="keyword">while</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">isspace</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">));</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">public</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
   <phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">istream</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is_</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">function</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">)&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cb_</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">(),</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_</phrase><phrase role="special">),</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cb_</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">{}</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">run</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">E</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">private</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">E</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">T</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">while</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'+'</phrase><phrase role="special">||</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'-'</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">T</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">T</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">S</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">while</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'*'</phrase><phrase role="special">||</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'/'</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">S</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">S</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">isdigit</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">)){</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">else</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">if</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'('</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">E</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">')'</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
             <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
             <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="special">}</phrase><phrase role="keyword">else</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
             <phrase role="keyword">throw</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">runtime_error</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;parsing failed&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">else</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
         <phrase role="keyword">throw</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">runtime_error</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;parsing failed&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">istringstream</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;1+1&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// user-code pulls parsed data from parser</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// invert control flow</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// execute parser in new fiber</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">{[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
    <phrase role="comment">// create parser with callback function</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase>
             <phrase role="special">[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c_</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
                <phrase role="comment">// resume main fiber</phrase>
                <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c_</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
                <phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
             <phrase role="special">});</phrase>
        <phrase role="comment">// start recursive parsing</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">run</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
        <phrase role="comment">// signal termination</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
        <phrase role="comment">// resume main fiber</phrase>
        <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}};</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">while</phrase><phrase role="special">(!</phrase><phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">printf</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;Parsed: %c\n&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">).</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="special">+</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      In this example a recursive descent parser uses a callback to emit a newly
      passed symbol. Using <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> the
      control flow can be inverted, e.g. the user-code pulls parsed symbols from
      the parser - instead to get pushed from the parser (via callback).
    </para>
    <para>
      The data (character) is transferred between the two fibers.
    </para>
    <section id="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber">
      <title><anchor id="implementation"/><link linkend="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber">Implementations:
      fcontext_t, ucontext_t and WinFiber</link></title>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.h0">
        <phrase id="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.fcontext_t"/><link
        linkend="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.fcontext_t">fcontext_t</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        The implementation uses <emphasis>fcontext_t</emphasis> per default. fcontext_t
        is based on assembler and not available for all platforms. It provides a
        much better performance than <emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis> (the context
        switch takes two magnitudes of order less CPU cycles; see section <link linkend="performance"><emphasis>performance</emphasis></link>)
        and <emphasis>WinFiber</emphasis>.
      </para>
      <note>
        <para>
          Because the TIB (thread information block on Windows) is not fully described
          in the MSDN, it might be possible that not all required TIB-parts are swapped.
          Using WinFiber implementation migh be an alternative.
        </para>
      </note>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.h1">
        <phrase id="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.ucontext_t"/><link
        linkend="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.ucontext_t">ucontext_t</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        As an alternative, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setcontext"><emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis></ulink>
        can be used by compiling with <code><phrase role="identifier">BOOST_USE_UCONTEXT</phrase></code>
        and b2 property <code><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">impl</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ucontext</phrase></code>.
        <emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis> might be available on a broader range of
        POSIX-platforms but has some <link linkend="ucontext"><emphasis>disadvantages</emphasis></link>
        (for instance deprecated since POSIX.1-2003, not C99 conform).
      </para>
      <note>
        <para>
          <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link> supports <link linkend="segmented"><emphasis>Segmented
          stacks</emphasis></link> only with <emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis> as its
          implementation.
        </para>
      </note>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.h2">
        <phrase id="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.winfiber"/><link
        linkend="context.ff.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.winfiber">WinFiber</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        With <code><phrase role="identifier">BOOST_USE_WINFIB</phrase></code> and
        b2 property <code><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">impl</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">winfib</phrase></code>
        Win32-Fibers are used as implementation for <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>.
      </para>
      <note>
        <para>
          The first call of <link linkend="ff"><emphasis>fiber</emphasis></link>
          converts the thread into a Windows fiber by invoking <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertThreadToFiber</phrase><phrase
          role="special">()</phrase></code>. If desired, <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertFiberToThread</phrase><phrase
          role="special">()</phrase></code> has to be called by the user explicitly
          in order to release resources allocated by <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertThreadToFiber</phrase><phrase
          role="special">()</phrase></code> (e.g. after using boost.context).
        </para>
      </note>
    </section>
    <section id="context.ff.class__fiber_">
      <title><link linkend="context.ff.class__fiber_">Class <code><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase></code></link></title>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">public</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>

    <phrase role="special">~</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">delete</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">delete</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">explicit</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">==(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">friend</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">os</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">swap</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_constructor1_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_constructor1"/>
  <link linkend="ff_constructor1">Constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Creates a invalid fiber.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_constructor2_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_constructor2"/>
  <link linkend="ff_constructor2">Constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Creates a new fiber and prepares the context to execute <code><phrase
              role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>. <code><phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase></code>
              is used as default stack allocator (stack size == fixedsize_stack::traits::default_size()).
              The constructor with argument type <code><phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase></code>,
              is used to create a user defined data <link linkend="ff_prealloc">(for
              instance additional control structures)</link> on top of the stack.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_destructor destructor_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_destructor destructor"/>
  <link linkend="ff_destructor
        destructor">Destructor</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="special">~</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Destructs the associated stack if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
              role="keyword">this</phrase></code> is a valid fiber, e.g. <emphasis>fiber::operator
              bool()</emphasis> returns <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_move constructor_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_move constructor"/>
  <link linkend="ff_move constructor">Move
        constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Moves underlying capture fiber to <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
              role="keyword">this</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_move assignment_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_move assignment"/>
  <link linkend="ff_move assignment">Move assignment
        operator</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Moves the state of <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
              to <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              using move semantics.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_operator_call_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_operator_call"/>
  <link linkend="ff_operator_call">Member function
        <code>operator()</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;;</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Captures current fiber and resumes <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
              role="keyword">this</phrase></code>. The function <code><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase></code>,
              is used to execute function <code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>
              in the execution context of <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
              role="keyword">this</phrase></code> (e.g. the stack frame of <code><phrase
              role="identifier">fn</phrase></code> is allocated on stack of <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>).
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              The fiber representing the fiber that has been suspended.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Note:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Because <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              gets invalidated, <code><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase></code> are rvalue-ref qualified and bind
              only to rvalues.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Note:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Function <code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code> needs to
              return <code><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Note:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              The returned fiber indicates if the suspended fiber has terminated
              (return from context-function) via <code><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase>
              <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_operator_bool_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_operator_bool"/>
  <link linkend="ff_operator_bool">Member function
        <code>operator bool</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">explicit</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              points to a captured fiber.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_operator_not_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_operator_not"/>
  <link linkend="ff_operator_not">Member function <code>operator!</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              does not point to a captured fiber.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_operator_equal_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_operator_equal"/>
  <link linkend="ff_operator_equal">Member function
        <code>operator==</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">==(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              and <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code> represent
              the same fiber, <code><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase></code>
              otherwise.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_operator_notequal_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_operator_notequal"/>
  <link linkend="ff_operator_notequal">Member
        function <code>operator!=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code>! (other == * this)</code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_operator_less_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_operator_less"/>
  <link linkend="ff_operator_less">Member function
        <code>operator&lt;</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase> <phrase
              role="special">!=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
              is true and the implementation-defined total order of <code><phrase
              role="identifier">fiber</phrase></code> values places <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              before <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>, false
              otherwise.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_operator_greater_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_operator_greater"/>
  <link linkend="ff_operator_greater">Member
        function <code>operator&gt;</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_operator_lesseq_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_operator_lesseq"/>
  <link linkend="ff_operator_lesseq">Member function
        <code>operator&lt;=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">other</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase><phrase
              role="special">)</phrase></code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff_operator_greatereq_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_operator_greatereq"/>
  <link linkend="ff_operator_greatereq">Member
        function <code>operator&gt;=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="special">(*</phrase>
              <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="ff__bridgehead">
  <phrase id="ff_"/>
  <link linkend="ff_">Non-member function <code>operator&lt;&lt;()</code></link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">os</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fiber</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Writes the representation of <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
              to stream <code><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section id="context.cc">
    <title><anchor id="cc"/><link linkend="context.cc">Context switching with call/cc</link></title>
    <note>
      <para>
        <emphasis>call/cc</emphasis> is the reference implementation of C++ proposal
        <ulink url="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/p0534r3.pdf">P0534R3:
        call/cc (call-with-current-continuation): A low-level API for stackful context
        switching</ulink>.
      </para>
    </note>
    <para>
      <emphasis>call/cc</emphasis> (call with current continuation) is a universal
      control operator (well-known from the programming language Scheme) that captures
      the current continuation as a first-class object and pass it as an argument
      to another continuation.
    </para>
    <para>
      A continuation (abstract concept of functional programming languages) represents
      the state of the control flow of a program at a given point in time. Continuations
      can be suspended and resumed later in order to change the control flow of a
      program.
    </para>
    <para>
      Modern micro-processors are registers machines; the content of processor registers
      represent a continuation of the executed program at a given point in time.
      Operating systems simulate parallel execution of programs on a single processor
      by switching between programs (context switch) by preserving and restoring
      the continuation, e.g. the content of all registers.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.cc.h0">
      <phrase id="context.cc._link_linkend__cc___emphasis_callcc____emphasis___link_"/><link
      linkend="context.cc._link_linkend__cc___emphasis_callcc____emphasis___link_"><link
      linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link></link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link> is the C++ equivalent
      to Scheme's <emphasis>call/cc</emphasis> operator. It captures the current
      continuation (the rest of the computation; code after <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link>)
      and triggers a context switch. The context switch is achieved by preserving
      certain registers (including instruction and stack pointer), defined by the
      calling convention of the ABI, of the current continuation and restoring those
      registers of the resumed continuation. The control flow of the resumed continuation
      continues. The current continuation is suspended and passed as argument to
      the resumed continuation.
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link> expects a <emphasis>context-function</emphasis>
      with signature <code><phrase role="char">'continuation(continuation &amp;&amp;
      c)'</phrase></code>. The parameter <code><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase></code>
      represents the current continuation from which this continuation was resumed
      (e.g. that has called <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link>).
    </para>
    <para>
      On return the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis> of the current continuation
      has to specify an <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link>
      to which the execution control is transferred after termination of the current
      continuation.
    </para>
    <para>
      If an instance with valid state goes out of scope and the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis>
      has not yet returned, the stack is traversed in order to access the control
      structure (address stored at the first stack frame) and continuation's stack
      is deallocated via the <emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis>.
    </para>
    <note>
      <para>
        <link linkend="segmented"><emphasis>Segmented stacks</emphasis></link> are
        supported by <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link> using
        <link linkend="implementation"><emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis></link>.
      </para>
    </note>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.cc.h1">
      <phrase id="context.cc._link_linkend__cc___emphasis_continuation__emphasis___link_"/><link
      linkend="context.cc._link_linkend__cc___emphasis_continuation__emphasis___link_"><link
      linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link></link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link> represents a continuation;
      it contains the content of preserved registers and manages the associated stack
      (allocation/deallocation). <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link>
      is a one-shot continuation - it can be used only once, after calling <emphasis>continuation::resume()</emphasis>
      or <emphasis>continuation::resume_with()</emphasis> it is invalidated.
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link> is only move-constructible
      and move-assignable.
    </para>
    <para>
      As a first-class object <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link>
      can be applied to and returned from a function, assigned to a variable or stored
      in a container.
    </para>
    <para>
      A continuation is continued by calling <code><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase
      role="special">()</phrase></code>/<code><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase
      role="special">()</phrase></code>.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.cc.h2">
      <phrase id="context.cc.usage"/><link linkend="context.cc.usage">Usage</link>
    </bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
        <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
        <phrase role="keyword">for</phrase><phrase role="special">(;;){</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
            <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">+</phrase><phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
        <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">for</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">j</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">j</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">10</phrase><phrase role="special">;++</phrase><phrase role="identifier">j</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">a</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot; &quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="number">0</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase> <phrase role="number">2</phrase> <phrase role="number">3</phrase> <phrase role="number">5</phrase> <phrase role="number">8</phrase> <phrase role="number">13</phrase> <phrase role="number">21</phrase> <phrase role="number">34</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      This simple example demonstrates the basic usage of <emphasis>call/cc</emphasis>
      as a <emphasis>generator</emphasis>. The continuation <code><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase></code>
      represents the <emphasis>main</emphasis>-continuation (function <code><phrase
      role="identifier">main</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>).
      <code><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase></code> is captured (current-continuation)
      by invoking <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link> and passed
      as parameter to the lambda.
    </para>
    <para>
      Because the state is invalidated (one-shot continuation) by each call of <emphasis>continuation::resume()</emphasis>,
      the new state of the <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link>,
      returned by <emphasis>continuation::resume()</emphasis>, needs to be assigned
      to <code><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase></code> after each call.
    </para>
    <para>
      The lambda that calculates the Fibonacci numbers is executed inside the continuation
      represented by <code><phrase role="identifier">source</phrase></code>. Calculated
      Fibonacci numbers are transferred between the two continuations via variable
      <code><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase></code> (lambda capture reference).
    </para>
    <para>
      The locale variables <code><phrase role="identifier">b</phrase></code> and
      <code> <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase></code> remain their values during
      each context switch. This is possible due <code><phrase role="identifier">source</phrase></code>
      has its own stack and the stack is exchanged by each context switch.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.cc.h3">
      <phrase id="context.cc.parameter_passing"/><link linkend="context.cc.parameter_passing">Parameter
      passing</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      Data can be transferred between two continuations via global pointers, calling
      wrappers (like <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">bind</phrase></code>) or lambda captures.
    </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c1</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">([&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c2</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">printf</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;inside c1,i==%d\n&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
            <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c2</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">printf</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;i==%d\n&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">inside</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c1</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="number">2</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      <code><phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">(&lt;</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">lambda</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;)</phrase></code>
      enters the lambda in continuation represented by <code><phrase role="identifier">c1</phrase></code>
      with lambda capture reference <code><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase
      role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase></code>. The expression
      <code><phrase role="identifier">c2</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
      resumes the continuation <code><phrase role="identifier">c2</phrase></code>.
      On return of <code><phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">(&lt;</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">lambda</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;)</phrase></code>,
      the variable <code><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase></code> has the value
      of <code><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">+</phrase><phrase
      role="number">1</phrase></code>.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.cc.h4">
      <phrase id="context.cc.exception_handling"/><link linkend="context.cc.exception_handling">Exception
      handling</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      If the function executed inside a <emphasis>context-function</emphasis> emits
      an exception, the application is terminated by calling <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
      role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">terminate</phrase><phrase
      role="special">()</phrase></code>. <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
      role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">exception_ptr</phrase></code>
      can be used to transfer exceptions between different continuations.
    </para>
    <important>
      <para>
        Do not jump from inside a catch block and then re-throw the exception in
        another continuation.
      </para>
    </important>
    <anchor id="cc_ontop"/>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.cc.h5">
      <phrase id="context.cc.executing_function_on_top_of_a_continuation"/><link
      linkend="context.cc.executing_function_on_top_of_a_continuation">Executing
      function on top of a continuation</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      Sometimes it is useful to execute a new function on top of a resumed continuation.
      For this purpose <emphasis>continuation::resume_with()</emphasis> has to be
      used. The function passed as argument must accept a rvalue reference to <link
      linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link> and return <code><phrase
      role="keyword">void</phrase></code>.
    </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">([&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: entered first time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: entered second time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: entered third time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
                    <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
                <phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: returned first time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: returned second time: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">+=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">([&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f2: entered: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">=-</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
                    <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
                <phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;f1: returned third time&quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">first</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">0</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">returned</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">first</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">second</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">2</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">returned</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">second</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">3</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f2</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">4</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">third</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">f1</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">returned</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">third</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">time</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      The expression <code><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">(...)</phrase></code>
      executes a lambda on top of continuation <code><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase></code>,
      e.g. an additional stack frame is allocated on top of the stack. This lambda
      assigns <code><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase></code>
      to <code><phrase role="identifier">data</phrase></code> and returns to the
      second invocation of <code><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
    </para>
    <para>
      Another option is to execute a function on top of the continuation that throws
      an exception.
    </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">public</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">runtime_error</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase>    <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c_</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">what</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">runtime_error</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">what</phrase> <phrase role="special">},</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c_</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">([](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">for</phrase> <phrase role="special">(;;)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
        <phrase role="keyword">try</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;entered&quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">catch</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ex</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cerr</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;my_exception: &quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ex</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">what</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
            <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ex</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">c</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase>
       <phrase role="special">[](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
           <phrase role="keyword">throw</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">),</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;abc&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
           <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
       <phrase role="special">});</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">entered</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">abc</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      In this exception <code><phrase role="identifier">my_exception</phrase></code>
      is throw from a function invoked on-top of continuation <code><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase></code>
      and catched inside the <code><phrase role="keyword">for</phrase></code>-loop.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.cc.h6">
      <phrase id="context.cc.stack_unwinding"/><link linkend="context.cc.stack_unwinding">Stack
      unwinding</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      On construction of <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link>
      a stack is allocated. If the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis> returns
      the stack will be destructed. If the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis>
      has not yet returned and the destructor of an valid <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link>
      instance (e.g. <emphasis>continuation::operator bool()</emphasis> returns
      <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code>) is called, the stack will
      be destructed too.
    </para>
    <important>
      <para>
        Code executed by <emphasis>context-function</emphasis> must not prevent the
        propagation ofs the <emphasis>detail::forced_unwind</emphasis> exception.
        Absorbing that exception will cause stack unwinding to fail. Thus, any code
        that catches all exceptions must re-throw any pending <emphasis>detail::forced_unwind</emphasis>
        exception.
      </para>
    </important>
    <anchor id="cc_prealloc"/>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.cc.h7">
      <phrase id="context.cc.allocating_control_structures_on_top_of_stack"/><link
      linkend="context.cc.allocating_control_structures_on_top_of_stack">Allocating
      control structures on top of stack</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      Allocating control structures on top of the stack requires to allocated the
      <emphasis>stack_context</emphasis> and create the control structure with placement
      new before <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>continuation</emphasis></link> is created.
    </para>
    <note>
      <para>
        The user is responsible for destructing the control structure at the top
        of the stack.
      </para>
    </note>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// stack-allocator used for (de-)allocating stack</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="number">4048</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// allocate stack space</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// reserve space for control structure on top of the stack</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">*&gt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">)-</phrase><phrase role="keyword">sizeof</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="keyword">sizeof</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// placement new creates control structure on reserved space</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cs</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">new</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// destructing the control structure</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">cs</phrase><phrase role="special">-&gt;~</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase>  <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="comment">// captured continuation</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase>   <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAllocator</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">StackAllocator</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
        <phrase role="comment">// create captured continuation</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">{}</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">),</phrase><phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">entry_func</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.cc.h8">
      <phrase id="context.cc.inverting_the_control_flow"/><link linkend="context.cc.inverting_the_control_flow">Inverting
      the control flow</link>
    </bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">namespace</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">/*
 * grammar:
 *   P ---&gt; E '\0'
 *   E ---&gt; T {('+'|'-') T}
 *   T ---&gt; S {('*'|'/') S}
 *   S ---&gt; digit | '(' E ')'
 */</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
   <phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
   <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">istream</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
   <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">function</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">)&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">pull</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
        <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">char_traits</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">to_char_type</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">get</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
       <phrase role="keyword">do</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
           <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">pull</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
       <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
       <phrase role="keyword">while</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">isspace</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">));</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">public</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
   <phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">istream</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is_</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">function</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">)&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cb_</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">(),</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_</phrase><phrase role="special">),</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cb_</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase>
    <phrase role="special">{}</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">run</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">E</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">private</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">E</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">T</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">while</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'+'</phrase><phrase role="special">||</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'-'</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">T</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">T</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
      <phrase role="identifier">S</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">while</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'*'</phrase><phrase role="special">||</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'/'</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">S</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>

   <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">S</phrase><phrase role="special">(){</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">isdigit</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">)){</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">else</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">if</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">'('</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="identifier">E</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">==</phrase><phrase role="char">')'</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
             <phrase role="identifier">cb</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
             <phrase role="identifier">scan</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
         <phrase role="special">}</phrase><phrase role="keyword">else</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
             <phrase role="keyword">throw</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">runtime_error</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;parsing failed&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
         <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
      <phrase role="keyword">else</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
         <phrase role="keyword">throw</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">runtime_error</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;parsing failed&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
      <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
   <phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">istringstream</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;1+1&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// execute parser in new continuation</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// user-code pulls parsed data from parser</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// invert control flow</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
        <phrase role="comment">// create parser with callback function</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase>
                 <phrase role="special">[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">c_</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
                    <phrase role="comment">// resume main continuation</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c_</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
                    <phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
                 <phrase role="special">});</phrase>
            <phrase role="comment">// start recursive parsing</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">run</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
            <phrase role="comment">// signal termination</phrase>
            <phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
            <phrase role="comment">// resume main continuation</phrase>
            <phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sink</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">while</phrase><phrase role="special">(!</phrase><phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">printf</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;Parsed: %c\n&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">source</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="special">+</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <para>
      In this example a recursive descent parser uses a callback to emit a newly
      passed symbol. Using <emphasis>call/cc</emphasis> the control flow can be inverted,
      e.g. the user-code pulls parsed symbols from the parser - instead to get pushed
      from the parser (via callback).
    </para>
    <para>
      The data (character) is transferred between the two continuations.
    </para>
    <section id="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber">
      <title><anchor id="implementation0"/><link linkend="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber">Implementations:
      fcontext_t, ucontext_t and WinFiber</link></title>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.h0">
        <phrase id="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.fcontext_t"/><link
        linkend="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.fcontext_t">fcontext_t</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        The implementation uses <emphasis>fcontext_t</emphasis> per default. fcontext_t
        is based on assembler and not available for all platforms. It provides a
        much better performance than <emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis> (the context
        switch takes two magnitudes of order less CPU cycles; see section <link linkend="performance"><emphasis>performance</emphasis></link>)
        and <emphasis>WinFiber</emphasis>.
      </para>
      <note>
        <para>
          Because the TIB (thread information block on Windows) is not fully described
          in the MSDN, it might be possible that not all required TIB-parts are swapped.
          Using WinFiber implementation migh be an alternative.
        </para>
      </note>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.h1">
        <phrase id="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.ucontext_t"/><link
        linkend="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.ucontext_t">ucontext_t</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        As an alternative, <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setcontext"><emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis></ulink>
        can be used by compiling with <code><phrase role="identifier">BOOST_USE_UCONTEXT</phrase></code>
        and b2 property <code><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">impl</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ucontext</phrase></code>.
        <emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis> might be available on a broader range of
        POSIX-platforms but has some <link linkend="ucontext"><emphasis>disadvantages</emphasis></link>
        (for instance deprecated since POSIX.1-2003, not C99 conform).
      </para>
      <note>
        <para>
          <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link> supports <link
          linkend="segmented"><emphasis>Segmented stacks</emphasis></link> only with
          <emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis> as its implementation.
        </para>
      </note>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.h2">
        <phrase id="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.winfiber"/><link
        linkend="context.cc.implementations__fcontext_t__ucontext_t_and_winfiber.winfiber">WinFiber</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        With <code><phrase role="identifier">BOOST_USE_WINFIB</phrase></code> and
        b2 property <code><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">impl</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">winfib</phrase></code>
        Win32-Fibers are used as implementation for <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link>.
      </para>
      <note>
        <para>
          The first call of <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link>
          converts the thread into a Windows fiber by invoking <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertThreadToFiber</phrase><phrase
          role="special">()</phrase></code>. If desired, <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertFiberToThread</phrase><phrase
          role="special">()</phrase></code> has to be called by the user explicitly
          in order to release resources allocated by <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertThreadToFiber</phrase><phrase
          role="special">()</phrase></code> (e.g. after using boost.context).
        </para>
      </note>
    </section>
    <section id="context.cc.class__continuation_">
      <title><link linkend="context.cc.class__continuation_">Class <code><phrase
      role="identifier">continuation</phrase></code></link></title>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">public</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">default</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="special">~</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">delete</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">delete</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">explicit</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">==(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">friend</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">os</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">swap</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_constructor_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_constructor"/>
  <link linkend="cc_constructor">Constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Creates a invalid continuation.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_destructor destructor_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_destructor destructor"/>
  <link linkend="cc_destructor
        destructor">Destructor</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="special">~</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Destructs the associated stack if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
              role="keyword">this</phrase></code> is a valid continuation, e.g.
              <emphasis>continuation::operator bool()</emphasis> returns <code><phrase
              role="keyword">true</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_move constructor_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_move constructor"/>
  <link linkend="cc_move constructor">Move
        constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Moves underlying capture continuation to <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
              role="keyword">this</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_move assignment_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_move assignment"/>
  <link linkend="cc_move assignment">Move assignment
        operator</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Moves the state of <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
              to <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              using move semantics.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_operator_call_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_operator_call"/>
  <link linkend="cc_operator_call">Member function
        <code>operator()</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">resume</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Captures current continuation and resumes <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
              role="keyword">this</phrase></code>. The function <code><phrase role="identifier">resume_with</phrase></code>,
              is used to execute function <code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>
              in the execution context of <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
              role="keyword">this</phrase></code> (e.g. the stack frame of <code><phrase
              role="identifier">fn</phrase></code> is allocated on stack of <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>).
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              The continuation representing the continuation that has been suspended.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Note:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Function <code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code> needs to
              return <code><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Note:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              The returned continuation indicates if the suspended continuation has
              terminated (return from context-function) via <code><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase>
              <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_operator_bool_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_operator_bool"/>
  <link linkend="cc_operator_bool">Member function
        <code>operator bool</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">explicit</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              points to a captured continuation.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_operator_not_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_operator_not"/>
  <link linkend="cc_operator_not">Member function <code>operator!</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              does not point to a captured continuation.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_operator_equal_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_operator_equal"/>
  <link linkend="cc_operator_equal">Member function
        <code>operator==</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">==(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              and <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code> represent
              the same continuation, <code><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase></code>
              otherwise.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_operator_notequal_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_operator_notequal"/>
  <link linkend="cc_operator_notequal">Member
        function <code>operator!=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code>! (other == * this)</code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_operator_less_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_operator_less"/>
  <link linkend="cc_operator_less">Member function
        <code>operator&lt;</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase> <phrase
              role="special">!=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
              is true and the implementation-defined total order of <code><phrase
              role="identifier">continuation</phrase></code> values places <code><phrase
              role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              before <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>, false
              otherwise.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_operator_greater_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_operator_greater"/>
  <link linkend="cc_operator_greater">Member
        function <code>operator&gt;</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_operator_lesseq_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_operator_lesseq"/>
  <link linkend="cc_operator_lesseq">Member function
        <code>operator&lt;=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">other</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase><phrase
              role="special">)</phrase></code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc_operator_greatereq_bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_operator_greatereq"/>
  <link linkend="cc_operator_greatereq">Member
        function <code>operator&gt;=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;=(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="special">(*</phrase>
              <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
        <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="cc__bridgehead">
  <phrase id="cc_"/>
  <link linkend="cc_">Non-member function <code>operator&lt;&lt;()</code></link>
</bridgehead>
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">os</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Writes the representation of <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
              to stream <code><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.cc.class__continuation_.h0">
        <phrase id="context.cc.class__continuation_.call_with_current_continuation"/><link
        linkend="context.cc.class__continuation_.call_with_current_continuation">Call
        with current continuation</link>
      </bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">continuation</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">callcc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">palloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Captures current continuation and creates a new continuation prepared
              to execute <code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>. <code><phrase
              role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase></code> is used as default
              stack allocator (stack size == fixedsize_stack::traits::default_size()).
              The function with argument type <code><phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase></code>,
              is used to create a user defined data <link linkend="cc_prealloc">(for
              instance additional control structures)</link> on top of the stack.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              The continuation representing the contexcontinuation that has been
              suspended.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Note:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              The returned continuation indicates if the suspended continuation has
              terminated (return from context-function) via <code><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase>
              <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section id="context.stack">
    <title><anchor id="stack"/><link linkend="context.stack">Stack allocation</link></title>
    <para>
      The memory used by the stack is allocated/deallocated via a <emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis>
      which is required to model a <emphasis>stack-allocator concept</emphasis>.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.stack.h0">
      <phrase id="context.stack._emphasis_stack_allocator_concept__emphasis_"/><link
      linkend="context.stack._emphasis_stack_allocator_concept__emphasis_"><emphasis>stack-allocator
      concept</emphasis></link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      A <emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis> must satisfy the <emphasis>stack-allocator
      concept</emphasis> requirements shown in the following table, in which <code><phrase
      role="identifier">a</phrase></code> is an object of a <emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis>
      type, <code><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code> is a <code><phrase
      role="identifier">stack_context</phrase></code>, and <code><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
      is a <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
      role="identifier">size_t</phrase></code>:
    </para>
    <informaltable frame="all">
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                expression
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                return type
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                notes
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                <code><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase
                role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                creates a stack allocator
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                <code><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
                role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                <code><phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase></code>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                creates a stack
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                <code><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
                role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase>
                <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                <code><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase></code>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                deallocates the stack created by <code><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase
                role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
                role="special">()</phrase></code>
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <important>
      <para>
        The implementation of <code><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code> might include logic to protect against
        exceeding the context's available stack size rather than leaving it as undefined
        behaviour.
      </para>
    </important>
    <important>
      <para>
        Calling <code><phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
        with a <code><phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase></code> not
        set by <code><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
        results in undefined behaviour.
      </para>
    </important>
    <note>
      <para>
        Depending on the architecture <code><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code> stores an address from the top of the stack
        (growing downwards) or the bottom of the stack (growing upwards).
      </para>
    </note>
    <section id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize">
      <title><link linkend="context.stack.protected_fixedsize">Class <emphasis>protected_fixedsize</emphasis></link></title>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> provides the class <emphasis>protected_fixedsize_stack</emphasis>
        which models the <emphasis>stack-allocator concept</emphasis>. It appends
        a guard page at the end of each stack to protect against exceeding the stack.
        If the guard page is accessed (read or write operation) a segmentation fault/access
        violation is generated by the operating system.
      </para>
      <important>
        <para>
          Using <emphasis>protected_fixedsize_stack</emphasis> is expensive. That
          is, launching a new coroutine with a new stack is expensive; the allocated
          stack is just as efficient to use as any other stack.
        </para>
      </important>
      <note>
        <para>
          The appended <code><phrase role="identifier">guard</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">page</phrase></code>
          is <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> mapped to physical memory, only
          virtual addresses are used.
        </para>
      </note>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">protected_fixedsize</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_protected_fixedsize</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitT</phrase>  <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">basic_protected_fixesize</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_protected_fixedsize</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">protected_fixedsize</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize.h0">
        <phrase id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.protected_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
              and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase
              role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Allocates memory of at least <code><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
              Bytes and stores a pointer to the stack and its actual size in <code><phrase
              role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code>. Depending on the architecture
              (the stack grows downwards/upwards) the stored address is the highest/lowest
              address of the stack.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize.h1">
        <phrase id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.protected_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
        role="special">)</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">sp</phrase></code> is valid, <code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase
              role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase
              role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
              role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">)</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Deallocates the stack space.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </section>
    <section id="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize">
      <title><link linkend="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize">Class <emphasis>pooled_fixedsize_stack</emphasis></link></title>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> provides the class <emphasis>pooled_fixedsize_stack</emphasis>
        which models the <emphasis>stack-allocator concept</emphasis>. In contrast
        to <emphasis>protected_fixedsize_stack</emphasis> it does not append a guard
        page at the end of each stack. The memory is managed internally by <ulink
        url="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/pool/doc/html/boost/pool.html"><code><phrase
        role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">pool</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&gt;</phrase></code></ulink>.
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">pooled_fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_pooled_fixedsize_stack</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitT</phrase>  <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">basic_pooled_fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">(),</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">next_size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="number">32</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">max_size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_pooled_fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">pooled_fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize.h0">
        <phrase id="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize. "/><link
        linkend="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize. "><code><phrase
        role="identifier">basic_pooled_fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">stack_size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">next_size</phrase><phrase
        role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">max_size</phrase><phrase
        role="special">)</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase
              role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase
              role="identifier">stack_size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>
              and <code><phrase role="number">0</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">nest_size</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Allocates memory of at least <code><phrase role="identifier">stack_size</phrase></code>
              Bytes and stores a pointer to the stack and its actual size in <code><phrase
              role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code>. Depending on the architecture
              (the stack grows downwards/upwards) the stored address is the highest/lowest
              address of the stack. Argument <code><phrase role="identifier">next_size</phrase></code>
              determines the number of stacks to request from the system the first
              time that <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
              needs to allocate system memory. The third argument <code><phrase role="identifier">max_size</phrase></code>
              controls how many memory might be allocated for stacks - a value of
              zero means no uper limit.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize.h1">
        <phrase id="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase
              role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase
              role="identifier">stack_size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Allocates memory of at least <code><phrase role="identifier">stack_size</phrase></code>
              Bytes and stores a pointer to the stack and its actual size in <code><phrase
              role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code>. Depending on the architecture
              (the stack grows downwards/upwards) the stored address is the highest/lowest
              address of the stack.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize.h2">
        <phrase id="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.pooled_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
        role="special">)</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">sp</phrase></code> is valid, <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
              role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">)</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Deallocates the stack space.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </section>
    <section id="context.stack.fixedsize">
      <title><link linkend="context.stack.fixedsize">Class <emphasis>fixedsize_stack</emphasis></link></title>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> provides the class <emphasis>fixedsize_stack</emphasis>
        which models the <emphasis>stack-allocator concept</emphasis>. In contrast
        to <emphasis>protected_fixedsize_stack</emphasis> it does not append a guard
        page at the end of each stack. The memory is simply managed by <code><phrase
        role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">malloc</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
        role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">free</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code>.
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_fixedsize_stack</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitT</phrase>  <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">basic_fixesize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.fixedsize.h0">
        <phrase id="context.stack.fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
              and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase
              role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Allocates memory of at least <code><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
              Bytes and stores a pointer to the stack and its actual size in <code><phrase
              role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code>. Depending on the architecture
              (the stack grows downwards/upwards) the stored address is the highest/lowest
              address of the stack.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.fixedsize.h1">
        <phrase id="context.stack.fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
        role="special">)</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">sp</phrase></code> is valid, <code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase
              role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase
              role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
              role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">)</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Deallocates the stack space.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </section>
    <section id="context.stack.segmented">
      <title><anchor id="segmented"/><link linkend="context.stack.segmented">Class
      <emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis></link></title>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> supports usage of a <link
        linkend="segmented"><emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis></link>, e. g. the
        size of the stack grows on demand. The coroutine is created with a minimal
        stack size and will be increased as required. Class <link linkend="segmented"><emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis></link>
        models the <emphasis>stack-allocator concept</emphasis>. In contrast to
        <emphasis>protected_fixedsize_stack</emphasis> and <emphasis>fixedsize_stack</emphasis>
        it creates a stack which grows on demand.
      </para>
      <note>
        <para>
          Segmented stacks are currently only supported by <emphasis role="bold">gcc</emphasis>
          from version <emphasis role="bold">4.7</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">clang</emphasis>
          from version <emphasis role="bold">3.4</emphasis> onwards. In order to
          use a <emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis>
          must be built with property <code><phrase role="identifier">segmented</phrase><phrase
          role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="identifier">stacks</phrase></code>,
          e.g. <emphasis role="bold">toolset=gcc segmented-stacks=on</emphasis> and
          applying <code><phrase role="identifier">BOOST_USE_SEGMENTED_STACKS</phrase></code>
          at b2/bjam command line.
        </para>
      </note>
      <note>
        <para>
          Segmented stacks can only be used with <link linkend="cc"><emphasis>callcc()</emphasis></link>
          (using <link linkend="implementation"><emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis></link>)
        </para>
      </note>
      <para>
        .
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">segmented_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_segmented_stack</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitT</phrase>  <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">basic_segmented_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_segmented_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">segmented_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.segmented.h0">
        <phrase id="context.stack.segmented._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.segmented._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
              and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase
              role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Allocates memory of at least <code><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
              Bytes and stores a pointer to the stack and its actual size in <code><phrase
              role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code>. Depending on the architecture
              (the stack grows downwards/upwards) the stored address is the highest/lowest
              address of the stack.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.segmented.h1">
        <phrase id="context.stack.segmented._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.segmented._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase
        role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase>
        <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
        role="special">)</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">sp</phrase></code> is valid, <code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
              role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase
              role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase
              role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase>
              <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
              role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
              <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
              role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
              role="special">)</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Effects:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Deallocates the stack space.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <note>
        <para>
          If the library is compiled for segmented stacks, <emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis>
          is the only available stack allocator.
        </para>
      </note>
    </section>
    <section id="context.stack.stack_traits">
      <title><link linkend="context.stack.stack_traits">Class <emphasis>stack_traits</emphasis></link></title>
      <para>
        <emphasis>stack_traits</emphasis> models a <emphasis>stack-traits</emphasis>
        providing a way to access certain properites defined by the enironment. Stack
        allocators use <emphasis>stack-traits</emphasis> to allocate stacks.
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>

<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">page_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">minimum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">maximum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h0">
        <phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__keyword__bool__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__is_unbounded__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__keyword__bool__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__is_unbounded__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase
        role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Returns <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if the environment
              defines no limit for the size of a stack.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h1">
        <phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__page_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__page_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
        role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase
        role="identifier">page_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Returns the page size in bytes.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h2">
        <phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__default_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__default_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
        role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase
        role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Returns a default stack size, which may be platform specific. If the
              stack is unbounded then the present implementation returns the maximum
              of <code><phrase role="number">64</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">kB</phrase></code>
              and <code><phrase role="identifier">minimum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h3">
        <phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__minimum_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__minimum_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
        role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase
        role="identifier">minimum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Returns the minimum size in bytes of stack defined by the environment
              (Win32 4kB/Win64 8kB, defined by rlimit on POSIX).
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h4">
        <phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__maximum_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__maximum_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
        role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase
        role="identifier">maximum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Preconditions:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <code><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
              returns <code><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase></code>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Returns:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Returns the maximum size in bytes of stack defined by the environment.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Throws:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Nothing.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </section>
    <section id="context.stack.stack_context">
      <title><link linkend="context.stack.stack_context">Class <emphasis>stack_context</emphasis></link></title>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> provides the class <emphasis>stack_context</emphasis>
        which will contain the stack pointer and the size of the stack. In case of
        a <link linkend="segmented"><emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis></link>,
        <emphasis>stack_context</emphasis> contains some extra control structures.
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase>    <phrase role="special">*</phrase>   <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="comment">// might contain additional control structures</phrase>
    <phrase role="comment">// for segmented stacks</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_context.h0">
        <phrase id="context.stack.stack_context._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sp__phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.stack_context._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sp__phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Value:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Pointer to the beginning of the stack.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_context.h1">
        <phrase id="context.stack.stack_context._code__phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__size__phrase___code_"/><link
        linkend="context.stack.stack_context._code__phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__size__phrase___code_"><code><phrase
        role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code></link>
      </bridgehead>
      <variablelist>
        <title></title>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Value:</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              Actual size of the stack.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </section>
    <section id="context.stack.valgrind">
      <title><link linkend="context.stack.valgrind">Support for valgrind</link></title>
      <para>
        Running programs that switch stacks under valgrind causes problems. Property
        (b2 command-line) <code><phrase role="identifier">valgrind</phrase><phrase
        role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">on</phrase></code> let
        valgrind treat the memory regions as stack space which suppresses the errors.
        Users must define <code><phrase role="identifier">BOOST_USE_VALGRIND</phrase></code>
        before including any Boost.Context headers when linking against Boost binaries
        compiled with <code><phrase role="identifier">valgrind</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">on</phrase></code>.
      </para>
    </section>
    <section id="context.stack.sanitizers">
      <title><link linkend="context.stack.sanitizers">Support for sanitizers</link></title>
      <para>
        Sanitizers (GCC/Clang) are confused by the stack switches. The library is
        required to be compiled with property (b2 command-line) <code><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase
        role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="identifier">impl</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">ucontext</phrase></code> and compilers santizer options.
        Users must define <code><phrase role="identifier">BOOST_USE_ASAN</phrase></code>
        before including any Boost.Context headers when linking against Boost binaries.
      </para>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section id="context.struct__preallocated_">
    <title><link linkend="context.struct__preallocated_">Struct <code><phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase></code></link></title>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase>        <phrase role="special">*</phrase>   <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase>     <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase>   <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>

    <phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_allocator</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.struct__preallocated_.h0">
      <phrase id="context.struct__preallocated_.constructor"/><link linkend="context.struct__preallocated_.constructor">Constructor</link>
    </bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_allocator</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
    <variablelist>
      <title></title>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>Effects:</term>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            Creates an object of preallocated.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
  </section>
  <section id="context.performance">
    <title><anchor id="performance"/><link linkend="context.performance">Performance</link></title>
    <para>
      Performance measurements were taken using <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
      role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">chrono</phrase><phrase
      role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">highresolution_clock</phrase></code>,
      with overhead corrections. The code was compiled with gcc-6.3.1, using build
      options: variant = release, optimization = speed. Tests were executed on dual
      Intel XEON E5 2620v4 2.2GHz, 16C/32T, 64GB RAM, running Linux (x86_64).
    </para>
    <table frame="all" id="context.performance.performance_of_context_switch">
      <title>Performance of context switch</title>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                callcc()/continuation (fcontext_t)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                callcc()/continuation (ucontext_t)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                callcc()/continuation (Windows-Fiber)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                9 ns / 19 CPU cycles
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                547 ns / 1130 CPU cycles
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                49 ns / 98 CPU cycles
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>
  </section>
  <section id="context.architectures">
    <title><link linkend="context.architectures">Architectures</link></title>
    <para>
      <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis>, using <link linkend="implementation"><emphasis>fcontext_t</emphasis></link>,
      supports following architectures:
    </para>
    <table frame="all" id="context.architectures.supported_architectures___abi_binary_format__">
      <title>Supported architectures (&lt;ABI|binary format&gt;)</title>
      <tgroup cols="5">
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Architecture
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                LINUX (UNIX)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Windows
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MacOS X
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                iOS
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                arm (aarch32)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                AAPCS|ELF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                AAPCS|PE
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                AAPCS|MACH-O
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                arm (aarch64)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                AAPCS|ELF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                AAPCS|MACH-O
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                i386
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|ELF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MS|PE
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|MACH-O
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                loongarch64
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|ELF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mips
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                O32,N64|ELF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ppc32
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|ELF,XCOFF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|MACH-O
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ppc64
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|ELF,XCOFF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|MACH-O
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                riscv64
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|ELF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                s390x
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|ELF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sparc
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                x86_64
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV,X32|ELF
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MS|PE
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                SYSV|MACH-O
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>
    <note>
      <para>
        If the architecture is not supported but the platform provides <link linkend="implementation"><emphasis>ucontext_t</emphasis></link>,
        <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> should be compiled with <code><phrase
        role="identifier">BOOST_USE_UCONTEXT</phrase></code> and b2 property <code><phrase
        role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase
        role="identifier">impl</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ucontext</phrase></code>.
      </para>
    </note>
    <section id="context.architectures.crosscompiling">
      <title><link linkend="context.architectures.crosscompiling">Cross compiling</link></title>
      <para>
        Cross compiling the library requires to specify the build properties &lt;architecture&gt;,
        &lt;address-model&gt;, &lt;binary-format&gt; and &lt;abi&gt; at b2 command
        line.
      </para>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section id="context.rationale">
    <title><link linkend="context.rationale">Rationale</link></title>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.rationale.h0">
      <phrase id="context.rationale.no_inline_assembler"/><link linkend="context.rationale.no_inline_assembler">No
      inline-assembler</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      Some newer compiler (for instance MSVC 10 for x86_64 and itanium) do not support
      inline assembler. <footnote id="context.rationale.f0">
      <para>
        <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/4ks26t93.aspx">MSDN article
        'Inline Assembler'</ulink>
      </para>
      </footnote>. Inlined assembler generates code bloating which is not welcome
      on embedded systems.
    </para>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.rationale.h1">
      <phrase id="context.rationale.fcontext_t"/><link linkend="context.rationale.fcontext_t">fcontext_t</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <para>
      <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> provides the low level API fcontext_t
      which is implemented in assembler to provide context swapping operations. fcontext_t
      is the part to port to new platforms.
    </para>
    <note>
      <para>
        Context switches do not preserve the signal mask on UNIX systems.
      </para>
    </note>
    <para>
      <emphasis>fcontext_t</emphasis> is an opaque pointer.
    </para>
    <section id="context.rationale.other_apis_">
      <title><link linkend="context.rationale.other_apis_">Other APIs </link></title>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.other_apis_.h0">
        <phrase id="context.rationale.other_apis_.setjmp___longjmp__"/><link linkend="context.rationale.other_apis_.setjmp___longjmp__">setjmp()/longjmp()</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        C99 defines <code><phrase role="identifier">setjmp</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>/<code><phrase
        role="identifier">longjmp</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
        to provide non-local jumps but it does not require that <emphasis>longjmp()</emphasis>
        preserves the current stack frame. Therefore, jumping into a function which
        was exited via a call to <emphasis>longjmp()</emphasis> is undefined <footnote
        id="context.rationale.other_apis_.f0">
        <para>
          ISO/IEC 9899:1999, 2005, 7.13.2.1:2
        </para>
        </footnote>.
      </para>
      <anchor id="ucontext"/>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.other_apis_.h1">
        <phrase id="context.rationale.other_apis_.ucontext_t"/><link linkend="context.rationale.other_apis_.ucontext_t">ucontext_t</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        Since POSIX.1-2004 <code><phrase role="identifier">ucontext_t</phrase></code>
        is deprecated and was removed in POSIX.1-2008! The function signature of
        <code><phrase role="identifier">makecontext</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
        is:
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">makecontext</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ucontext_t</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ucp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">(*</phrase><phrase role="identifier">func</phrase><phrase role="special">)(),</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">argc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="special">...);</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <para>
        The third argument of <code><phrase role="identifier">makecontext</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code> specifies the number of integer arguments
        that follow which will require function pointer cast if <code><phrase role="identifier">func</phrase></code>
        will accept those arguments which is undefined in C99 <footnote id="context.rationale.other_apis_.f1">
        <para>
          ISO/IEC 9899:1999, 2005, J.2
        </para>
        </footnote>.
      </para>
      <para>
        The arguments in the var-arg list are required to be integers, passing pointers
        in var-arg list is not guaranteed to work, especially it will fail for architectures
        where pointers are larger than integers.
      </para>
      <para>
        <code><phrase role="identifier">ucontext_t</phrase></code> preserves signal
        mask between context switches which involves system calls consuming a lot
        of CPU cycles (ucontext_t is slower; a context switch takes <link linkend="performance"><emphasis>two
        magnitutes of order more CPU cycles</emphasis></link> more than <emphasis>fcontext_t</emphasis>).
      </para>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.other_apis_.h2">
        <phrase id="context.rationale.other_apis_.windows_fibers"/><link linkend="context.rationale.other_apis_.windows_fibers">Windows
        fibers</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        A drawback of Windows Fiber API is that <code><phrase role="identifier">CreateFiber</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code> does not accept a pointer to user allocated
        stack space preventing the reuse of stacks for other context instances. Because
        the Windows Fiber API requires to call <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertThreadToFiber</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="identifier">SwitchFiber</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code> is called for a thread which has not been
        converted to a fiber. For the same reason <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertFiberToThread</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code> must be called after return from <code><phrase
        role="identifier">SwitchFiber</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
        if the thread was forced to be converted to a fiber before (which is inefficient).
      </para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is_a_fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">)</phrase>
<phrase role="special">{</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">ConvertThreadToFiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">SwitchToFiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
    <phrase role="identifier">ConvertFiberToThread</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
</programlisting>
      <para>
        If the condition <code><phrase role="identifier">_WIN32_WINNT</phrase> <phrase
        role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA</phrase></code>
        is met function <code><phrase role="identifier">IsThreadAFiber</phrase><phrase
        role="special">()</phrase></code> is provided in order to detect if the current
        thread was already converted. Unfortunately Windows XP + SP 2/3 defines
        <code><phrase role="identifier">_WIN32_WINNT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase>
        <phrase role="identifier">_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA</phrase></code> without providing
        <code><phrase role="identifier">IsThreadAFiber</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
      </para>
    </section>
    <section id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env">
      <title><link linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env">x86 and
      floating-point env</link></title>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.h0">
        <phrase id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.i386"/><link linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.i386">i386</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        &quot;The FpCsr and the MxCsr register must be saved and restored before
        any call or return by any procedure that needs to modify them ...&quot;
        <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f0">
        <para>
          'Calling Conventions', Agner Fog
        </para>
        </footnote>.
      </para>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.h1">
        <phrase id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.x86_64"/><link linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.x86_64">x86_64</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.h2">
        <phrase id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.windows"/><link
        linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.windows">Windows</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        MxCsr - &quot;A callee that modifies any of the non-volatile fields within
        MxCsr must restore them before returning to its caller. Furthermore, a caller
        that has modified any of these fields must restore them to their standard
        values before invoking a callee ...&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f1">
        <para>
          <ulink url="http://http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/yxty7t75.aspx">MSDN
          article 'MxCsr'</ulink>
        </para>
        </footnote>.
      </para>
      <para>
        FpCsr - &quot;A callee that modifies any of the fields within FpCsr must
        restore them before returning to its caller. Furthermore, a caller that has
        modified any of these fields must restore them to their standard values before
        invoking a callee ...&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f2">
        <para>
          <ulink url="http://http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms235300.aspx">MSDN
          article 'FpCsr'</ulink>
        </para>
        </footnote>.
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;The MMX and floating-point stack registers (MM0-MM7/ST0-ST7) are preserved
        across context switches. There is no explicit calling convention for these
        registers.&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f3">
        <para>
          <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a32tsf7t%28VS.80%29.aspx">MSDN
          article 'Legacy Floating-Point Support'</ulink>
        </para>
        </footnote>.
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;The 64-bit Microsoft compiler does not use ST(0)-ST(7)/MM0-MM7&quot;.
        <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f4">
        <para>
          'Calling Conventions', Agner Fog
        </para>
        </footnote>.
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;XMM6-XMM15 must be preserved&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f5">
        <para>
          <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/9z1stfyw%28v=vs.100%29.aspx">MSDN
          article 'Register Usage'</ulink>
        </para>
        </footnote>
      </para>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.h3">
        <phrase id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.sysv"/><link linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.sysv">SysV</link>
      </bridgehead>
      <para>
        &quot;The control bits of the MxCsr register are callee-saved (preserved
        across calls), while the status bits are caller-saved (not preserved). The
        x87 status word register is caller-saved, whereas the x87 control word (FpCsr)
        is callee-saved.&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f6">
        <para>
          SysV ABI AMD64 Architecture Processor Supplement Draft Version 0.99.4,
          3.2.1
        </para>
        </footnote>.
      </para>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section id="context.reference">
    <title><link linkend="context.reference">Reference</link></title>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h0">
      <phrase id="context.reference.arm"/><link linkend="context.reference.arm">ARM</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <simpara>
          AAPCS ABI: Procedure Call Standard for the ARM Architecture
        </simpara>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <simpara>
          AAPCS/LINUX: ARM GNU/Linux Application Binary Interface Supplement
        </simpara>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h1">
      <phrase id="context.reference.mips"/><link linkend="context.reference.mips">MIPS</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <simpara>
          O32 ABI: SYSTEM V APPLICATION BINARY INTERFACE, MIPS RISC Processor Supplement
        </simpara>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h2">
      <phrase id="context.reference.powerpc32"/><link linkend="context.reference.powerpc32">PowerPC32</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <simpara>
          SYSV ABI: SYSTEM V APPLICATION BINARY INTERFACE PowerPC Processor Supplement
        </simpara>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h3">
      <phrase id="context.reference.powerpc64"/><link linkend="context.reference.powerpc64">PowerPC64</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <simpara>
          SYSV ABI: PowerPC User Instruction Set Architecture, Book I
        </simpara>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h4">
      <phrase id="context.reference.x86_32"/><link linkend="context.reference.x86_32">X86-32</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <simpara>
          SYSV ABI: SYSTEM V APPLICATION BINARY INTERFACE, Intel386TM Architecture
          Processor Supplement
        </simpara>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <simpara>
          MS PE: <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/k2b2ssfy.aspx">Calling
          Conventions</ulink>
        </simpara>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h5">
      <phrase id="context.reference.x86_64"/><link linkend="context.reference.x86_64">X86-64</link>
    </bridgehead>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <simpara>
          SYSV ABI: System V Application Binary Interface, AMD64 Architecture Processor
          Supplement
        </simpara>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <simpara>
          MS PE: <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/7kcdt6fy%28VS.80%29.aspx">x64
          Software Conventions</ulink>
        </simpara>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </section>
  <section id="context.acknowledgements">
    <title><link linkend="context.acknowledgements">Acknowledgments</link></title>
    <para>
      I'd like to thank Adreas Fett, Artyom Beilis, Daniel Larimer, David Deakins,
      Evgeny Shapovalov, Fernando Pelliccioni, Giovanni Piero Deretta, Gordon Woodhull,
      Helge Bahmann, Holger Grund, Jeffrey Lee Hellrung (Jr.), Keith Jeffery, Martin
      Husemann, Phil Endecott, Robert Stewart, Sergey Cheban, Steven Watanabe, Vicente
      J. Botet Escriba, Wayne Piekarski.
    </para>
  </section>
</library>
