[/
  Copyright 2020 Peter Dimov

  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.

  See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
  or copy at http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
]

[section:bit bit]

[simplesect Authors]

* Peter Dimov

[endsimplesect]

[section Header <boost/core/bit.hpp>]

The header `<boost/core/bit.hpp>` implements, in a portable way,
the C++20 `<bit>` header.

[section Synopsis]

``
namespace boost
{
namespace core
{

// bit_cast

template<class To, class From>
To bit_cast(From const& from) noexcept;

// byteswap

template<class T>
constexpr T byteswap(T x) noexcept;

// Integral powers of 2

template<class T>
constexpr bool has_single_bit(T x) noexcept;

template<class T>
constexpr T bit_ceil(T x) noexcept;

template<class T>
constexpr T bit_floor(T x) noexcept;

template<class T>
constexpr int bit_width(T x) noexcept;

// Rotating

template<class T>
constexpr T rotl(T x, int s) noexcept;

template<class T>
constexpr T rotr(T x, int s) noexcept;

// Counting

template<class T>
constexpr int countl_zero(T x) noexcept;

template<class T>
constexpr int countl_one(T x) noexcept;

template<class T>
constexpr int countr_zero(T x) noexcept;

template<class T>
constexpr int countr_one(T x) noexcept;

template<class T>
constexpr int popcount(T x) noexcept;

// Endian

enum class endian
{
    little = see below,
    big = see below,
    native = see below
};

using endian_type = endian; // portable alias for C++03 code

} // namespace core
} // namespace boost
``

Note: even though the functions are shown as `constexpr` in the synopsis, since they are implemented
via compiler-specific intrinsics, portable code cannot generally rely on their being usable in a
constant expression context.

[endsect]

[section bit_cast]

`template<class To, class From> To bit_cast(From const& from) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `To` and `From` must be trivially copyable and `sizeof(To)` must be the same as `sizeof(From)`.
* *Returns:* A value of type `To` with the storage bytes copied from `from`.

[endsect]

[section byteswap]

`template<class T> constexpr T byteswap(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an integer type (i.e. one of `char`, `signed char`,
  `unsigned char`, `short`, `unsigned short`, `int`, `unsigned int`, `long`,
  `unsigned long`, `long long`, `unsigned long long`) without padding bits.
* *Returns:* `x` with the storage bytes reversed.

[endsect]

[section Integral powers of 2]

`template<class T> constexpr bool has_single_bit(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type (i.e. one of `unsigned char`, `unsigned short`, `unsigned int`, `unsigned long`, `unsigned long long`).
* *Returns:* `true` if `x` is an integral power of two, `false` otherwise. (`has_single_bit(0u)` is false.)

`template<class T> constexpr T bit_ceil(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* The smallest integral power of 2 greater than or equal to `x`. If this value is not representable in `T`, behavior is undefined.

`template<class T> constexpr T bit_floor(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* If `x == 0`, 0; otherwise the maximal value `y` such that `has_single_bit(y)` is `true` and `y <= x`.

`template<class T> constexpr int bit_width(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* If `x == 0`, 0; otherwise one plus the base-2 logarithm of `x`, with any fractional part discarded.

[endsect]

[section Rotating]

In the following descriptions, `N` denotes `numeric_limits<T>::digits` and `r` denotes `s % N`.

`template<class T> constexpr T rotl(T x, int s) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* If `s` is negative, `rotr(x, -s)`; if `r` is 0, `x`; if `r` is positive, `(x << r) | (x >> (N - r))`.

`template<class T> constexpr T rotr(T x, int s) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* If `s` is negative, `rotl(x, -s)`; if `r` is 0, `x`; if `r` is positive, `(x >> r) | (x << (N - r))`.

[endsect]

[section Counting]

`template<class T> constexpr int countl_zero(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* The number of consecutive 0 bits in the value of `x`, starting from the most significant ("left") bit.

`template<class T> constexpr int countl_one(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* The number of consecutive 1 bits in the value of `x`, starting from the most significant bit.

`template<class T> constexpr int countr_zero(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* The number of consecutive 0 bits in the value of `x`, starting from the least significant ("right") bit.

`template<class T> constexpr int countr_one(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* The number of consecutive 1 bits in the value of `x`, starting from the least significant bit.

`template<class T> constexpr int popcount(T x) noexcept;`

* *Requires:* `T` must be an unsigned integer type.
* *Returns:* The number of 1 bits in the value of `x`.

[endsect]

[section Endian]

Under C++11, `endian` is defined as `enum class endian` as shown in the synopsis. Under C++03, its definition is

``
namespace endian
{
enum type
{
    little = see below,
    big = see below,
    native = see below
};
}

typedef endian::type endian_type;
``

The values of `endian::big` and `endian::little` are distinct. `endian::native` is equal to `endian::big` on
big endian platforms, equal to `endian::little` on little endian platforms, and a distinct value on platforms
that are neither.

Note that you should not rely on `little` and `big` having any specific values, because the C++20 standard
leaves these unspecified.

[endsect]

[endsect]

[endsect]
