# Usage

## API overview

A Filehandle (`DcmFilehandle`) enables access of a DICOM file, which contains an encoded Data Set representing a SOP Instance. A Filehandle can be created via `dcm_filehandle_create_from_file()` or `dcm_filehandle_create_from_memory()` , and destroyed via `dcm_filehandle_destroy()`. You can make your own load functions to load from other IO sources, see `dcm_filehandle_create()`.

The content of a Part10 file can be read using various functions.

The File Meta Information can be accessed via `dcm_filehandle_get_file_meta()`.

The principal metadata of the Data Set can be accessed via `dcm_filehandle_get_metadata_subset()`. This function will stop read on tags which are likely to take a long time to process.

You can read all metadata and control read stop using a sequence of calls to `dcm_filehandle_read_metadata()`.

In case the Data Set contained in a Part10 file represents an Image instance, individual frames may be read out with `dcm_filehandle_read_frame()`.

Use `dcm_filehandle_read_frame_position()` to read the frame at a certain (column, row) position. This will return NULL and set the error code DCM_ERROR_CODE_MISSING_FRAME if there is no frame at that position.

A Data Element (`DcmElement`) is an immutable data container for storing values.

Every data element has a tag indicating its purpose. Tags are 32-bit unsigned ints with the top 16 bits indicating the group and the bottom 16 the element. They are usually written in hexadecimal, perhaps `0x00400554`, meaning element `0x554` of group `0x40`, or as keywords, in this case `"SpecimenUID"`. You can get the tag from its corresponding keyword with `dcm_dict_tag_from_keyword()`, or find the keyword from a tag with `dcm_dict_keyword_from_tag()`.

Every Data Element has a Value Representation (VR), which specifies the data type and format of the contained value. VRs can be conceptually grouped into numbers (integers or floating-point values), numeric strings (strings of characters encoding numbers using the decimal or scientific notation), character strings (text of restriction length and character repertoire), or byte strings (unicode). Each VR is represented using a standard C type (e.g,. VR `"US"` has type `uint16_t` and VR `"UI"` has type `char *`) and additional value constraints may be checked at runtime (e.g., the maximal capacity of a character string).

The VR must be appropriate for the tag. Use `dcm_vr_from_tag()` to find the set of allowed VRs for a tag. Use `dcm_is_valid_vr_for_tag()` to check if a VR is allowed for a tag.

Depending on the VR, an individual Data Element may have a Value Multiplicity (VM) greater than one, i.e., contain more than one value. Under the hood, a Data Element may thus contain an array of values.

A Data Element can be created with `dcm_element_create()`, it can have a value assigned to it with eg. `dcm_element_set_value_integer()`, and it can be destroyed with `dcm_element_destroy()`. See Memory management below for details on pointer ownership.

An individual value can be retrieved via the getter functions like (e.g., `dcm_element_get_value_integer()`). Note that in case of character string or binary values, the getter function returns the pointer to the stored character array (`const char *`) and that pointer is only valid for the lifetime of the Data Element. When a Data Element is destroyed, the memory allocated for contained values is freed and any pointers to the freed memory area become dangling pointers.

A Data Set (`DcmDataSet`) is an ordered collection of Data Elements (`DcmElement`). A Data Set can be created via `dcm_dataset_create()` and destroyed via `dcm_dataset_destroy()`. Data Elements can be added to a Data Set via `dcm_dataset_insert()`, removed from a Data Set via `dcm_dataset_remove()`, and retrieved from a Data Set via `dcm_dataset_get()` or `dcm_dataset_get_clone()`.

When a Data Element is added to a Data Set, the Data Set takes over ownership of the memory allocated for contained Data Elements. When a Data Element is retrieved from a Data Set, it may either be borrowed with ownership of the memory allocated for the Data Element remaining with the Data Set in case of `dcm_dataset_get()` or copied with the caller taking on ownership of the memory newly allocated for the Data Element in case of `dcm_dataset_get_clone()`.

An individual Data Element can only be part of only one Data Set. When a Data Element is removed from a Data Set, the memory allocated for the Data Element is freed. When a Data Set is destroyed, all contained Data Elements are also automatically destroyed.

A Sequence (`DcmSequence`) is an ordered collection of Items, each containing one Data Set. A Sequence can be created via `dcm_sequence_create()` and destroyed via `dcm_sequence_destroy()`. Data Sets can be added to a Sequence via `dcm_sequence_append()`, removed from a Sequence via `dcm_sequence_remove()`, and retrieved from a Sequence via `dcm_sequence_get()`.

When a Data Set is added to a sequence, the sequence takes over ownership of the memory allocated for the Data Set (and consequently of each contained Data Element). When a Data Set is retrieved from a sequence, it is only borrowed and ownership of the memory allocated for the Data Set remains with the sequence. Retrieved Data Sets are immutable (locked). When a Data Set is removed from a sequence, the Data Set is destroyed (i.e., the allocated memory is freed). When a Sequence is destroyed, all contained Data Sets are also automatically destroyed.

## Thread safety

Data Elements are immutable and cannot be modified after creation. Data Sets are generally mutable (i.e., Data Elements can be inserted or removed), but they can be locked to prevent subsequent modification via `dcm_dataset_lock()`. A Data Set is automatically locked when retrieved from a Sequence via `dcm_sequence_get()` or read from a Filehandle via `dcm_filehandle_read_metadata()`. Sequences are also mutable (i.e., Data Sets can be appended or removed), but they can be locked to prevent subsequent modification via `dcm_sequence_lock()`. A Sequence is automatically locked when used as a value in a Data Element with Value Representation SQ (Sequence of Items).

Call `dcm_init()` from the main thread during program startup for libdicom initialisation to be threadsafe. If you do not call this, it will be triggered for you on first use, but in this case libdicom initialisation will not be threadsafe.

## Error handling

Library functions which can return an error take a double pointer to a `DcmError` struct as a first argument. If an error is detected, this pointer will be updated to refer to an error object. You can extract a `DcmErrorCode` with `dcm_error_get_code()`, an error summary with `dcm_error_get_summary()`, and a detailed error message with `dcm_error_get_message()`. After presenting the error to the user, call `dcm_error_clear()` to clear the error pointer and free any allocated memory.

You can pass NULL instead of an error pointer if you are not interested in error messages. In this case, any errors will be logged to debug instead, see `dcm_log_debug()`.

For example:

    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <dicom/dicom.h>

    int main() {
        const char *file_path = "bad-file";
        DcmError *error = NULL;

        DcmFilehandle *filehandle = dcm_filehandle_create_from_file(&error, file_path);
        if (filehandle == NULL) {
            printf("error detected: %s\n", dcm_error_code_str(dcm_error_get_code(error)));
            printf("summary: %s\n", dcm_error_get_summary(error));
            printf("message: %s\n", dcm_error_get_message(error));
            dcm_error_clear(&error);
            return 1;
        }

        dcm_filehandle_destroy(filehandle);

        return 0;
    }

## Memory management

libdicom objects (Data Element, Data Set, Sequence, Frame Item, etc.) can contain references to other libdicom objects. For example, you can set a sequence as the value of an element like this:

    if (!dcm_element_set_value_sequence(error, element, sequence)) {
        handle error;
    }

If this function succeeds, ownership of the sequence object passes to the element, i.e., when the element is destroyed, the sequence will also be destroyed.

If this function fails, ownership does not transfer.

libdicom objects can also contain references to data structures allocated by other programs, for example, arrays of numeric values.

    int *values = pointer to array of integers;
    uint32_t vm = number of ints in array;
    if( !dcm_element_set_value_numeric_multi(error, element, values, vm, true)) {
      handle error;
    }

The final parameter, steal, sets whether ownership of the pointer to the array should be “stolen” by libdicom. If it is true, then libdicom will use `free()` to free the array when the element is freed. If it is false, libdicom will make a copy of the array.

## Getting started

Below is an example for reading metadata from a DICOM Part10 file and printing an element to standard output:

    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <dicom/dicom.h>

    int main() {
        const char *file_path = "/path/to/file.dcm";
        DcmError *error = NULL;

        DcmFilehandle *filehandle = dcm_filehandle_create_from_file(&error, file_path);
        if (filehandle == NULL) {
            dcm_error_log(error);
            dcm_error_clear(&error);
            return 1;
        }

        const DcmDataSet *metadata =
            dcm_filehandle_get_metadata_subset(&error, filehandle);
        if (metadata == NULL) {
            dcm_error_log(error);
            dcm_error_clear(&error);
            dcm_filehandle_destroy(filehandle);
            return 1;
        }

        const char *num_frames;
        uint32_t tag = dcm_dict_tag_from_keyword("NumberOfFrames");
        DcmElement *element = dcm_dataset_get(&error, metadata, tag);
        if (element == NULL ||
            !dcm_element_get_value_string(&error, element, 0, &num_frames)) {
            dcm_error_log(error);
            dcm_error_clear(&error);
            dcm_filehandle_destroy(filehandle);
            return 1;
        }

        printf("NumerOfFrames == %s\n", num_frames);

        dcm_filehandle_destroy(filehandle);

        return 0;
    }