/*=============================================================================
    Copyright (c) 2001-2011 Joel de Guzman
    Copyright (c) 2001-2012 Hartmut Kaiser

    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
    file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
==============================================================================*/
#if !defined(BOOST_SPIRIT_ATTRIBUTES_JANUARY_29_2007_0954AM)
#define BOOST_SPIRIT_ATTRIBUTES_JANUARY_29_2007_0954AM

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#pragma once
#endif

#include <boost/spirit/home/support/unused.hpp>
#include <boost/spirit/home/support/has_semantic_action.hpp>
#include <boost/spirit/home/support/attributes_fwd.hpp>
#include <boost/spirit/home/support/container.hpp>
#include <boost/spirit/home/support/detail/hold_any.hpp>
#include <boost/spirit/home/support/detail/as_variant.hpp>
#include <boost/optional/optional.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/transform.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/filter_if.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/as_vector.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/push_front.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/pop_front.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/is_sequence.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/for_each.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/is_view.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/mpl.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/is_same.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/is_convertible.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/is_reference.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/eval_if.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/end.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/find_if.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/identity.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/deref.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/distance.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/or.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/has_xxx.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/equal.hpp>
#include <boost/proto/proto_fwd.hpp>
#include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
#include <boost/variant.hpp>
#include <boost/range/iterator_range.hpp>
#include <boost/config.hpp>
#include <iterator> // for std::iterator_traits, std::distance
#include <vector>
#include <utility>
#include <ios>

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
namespace boost { namespace spirit { namespace traits
{
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // This file deals with attribute related functions and meta-functions
    // including generalized attribute transformation utilities for Spirit
    // components.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Find out if T can be a (strong) substitute for Expected attribute
    namespace detail
    {
        template <typename T, typename Expected>
        struct value_type_is_substitute
          : is_substitute<
                typename container_value<T>::type
              , typename container_value<Expected>::type>
        {};

        template <typename T, typename Expected, typename Enable = void>
        struct is_substitute_impl : is_same<T, Expected> {};

        template <typename T, typename Expected>
        struct is_substitute_impl<T, Expected,
            typename enable_if<
                mpl::and_<
                    fusion::traits::is_sequence<T>,
                    fusion::traits::is_sequence<Expected>,
                    mpl::equal<T, Expected, is_substitute<mpl::_1, mpl::_2> >
                >
            >::type>
          : mpl::true_ {};

        template <typename T, typename Expected>
        struct is_substitute_impl<T, Expected,
            typename enable_if<
                mpl::and_<
                    is_container<T>,
                    is_container<Expected>,
                    detail::value_type_is_substitute<T, Expected>
                >
            >::type>
          : mpl::true_ {};
    }

    template <typename T, typename Expected, typename Enable /*= void*/>
    struct is_substitute
      : detail::is_substitute_impl<T, Expected> {};

    template <typename T, typename Expected>
    struct is_substitute<optional<T>, optional<Expected> >
      : is_substitute<T, Expected> {};

    template <typename T>
    struct is_substitute<T, T
          , typename enable_if<not_is_optional<T> >::type>
      : mpl::true_ {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Find out if T can be a weak substitute for Expected attribute
    namespace detail
    {
        // A type, which is convertible to the attribute is at the same time
        // usable as its weak substitute.
        template <typename T, typename Expected, typename Enable = void>
        struct is_weak_substitute_impl : is_convertible<T, Expected> {};

//        // An exposed attribute is a weak substitute for a supplied container
//        // attribute if it is a weak substitute for its value_type. This is
//        // true as all character parsers are compatible with a container
//        // attribute having the corresponding character type as its value_type.
//        template <typename T, typename Expected>
//        struct is_weak_substitute_for_value_type
//          : is_weak_substitute<T, typename container_value<Expected>::type>
//        {};
//
//        template <typename T, typename Expected>
//        struct is_weak_substitute_impl<T, Expected,
//            typename enable_if<
//                mpl::and_<
//                    mpl::not_<is_string<T> >
//                  , is_string<Expected>
//                  , is_weak_substitute_for_value_type<T, Expected> >
//            >::type>
//          : mpl::true_
//        {};

        // An exposed container attribute is a weak substitute for a supplied
        // container attribute if and only if their value_types are weak
        // substitutes.
        template <typename T, typename Expected>
        struct value_type_is_weak_substitute
          : is_weak_substitute<
                typename container_value<T>::type
              , typename container_value<Expected>::type>
        {};

        template <typename T, typename Expected>
        struct is_weak_substitute_impl<T, Expected,
            typename enable_if<
                mpl::and_<
                    is_container<T>
                  , is_container<Expected>
                  , value_type_is_weak_substitute<T, Expected> >
            >::type>
          : mpl::true_ {};

        // Two fusion sequences are weak substitutes if and only if their
        // elements are pairwise weak substitutes.
        template <typename T, typename Expected>
        struct is_weak_substitute_impl<T, Expected,
            typename enable_if<
                mpl::and_<
                    fusion::traits::is_sequence<T>
                  , fusion::traits::is_sequence<Expected>
                  , mpl::equal<T, Expected, is_weak_substitute<mpl::_1, mpl::_2> > >
            >::type>
          : mpl::true_ {};

        // If this is not defined, the main template definition above will return
        // true if T is convertible to the first type in a fusion::vector. We
        // globally declare any non-Fusion sequence T as not compatible with any
        // Fusion sequence 'Expected'.
        template <typename T, typename Expected>
        struct is_weak_substitute_impl<T, Expected,
            typename enable_if<
                mpl::and_<
                    mpl::not_<fusion::traits::is_sequence<T> >
                  , fusion::traits::is_sequence<Expected> >
            >::type>
          : mpl::false_ {};
    }

    // main template forwards to detail namespace, this helps older compilers
    // to disambiguate things
    template <typename T, typename Expected, typename Enable /*= void*/>
    struct is_weak_substitute
      : detail::is_weak_substitute_impl<T, Expected> {};

    template <typename T, typename Expected>
    struct is_weak_substitute<optional<T>, optional<Expected> >
      : is_weak_substitute<T, Expected> {};

    template <typename T, typename Expected>
    struct is_weak_substitute<optional<T>, Expected>
      : is_weak_substitute<T, Expected> {};

    template <typename T, typename Expected>
    struct is_weak_substitute<T, optional<Expected> >
      : is_weak_substitute<T, Expected> {};

#if !defined(BOOST_VARIANT_DO_NOT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES)
    template <typename T, typename Expected>
    struct is_weak_substitute<boost::variant<T>, Expected>
      : is_weak_substitute<T, Expected>
    {};

    template <typename T0, typename T1, typename ...TN, typename Expected>
    struct is_weak_substitute<boost::variant<T0, T1, TN...>,
            Expected>
      : mpl::bool_<is_weak_substitute<T0, Expected>::type::value &&
            is_weak_substitute<boost::variant<T1, TN...>, Expected>::type::value>
    {};
#else
#define BOOST_SPIRIT_IS_WEAK_SUBSTITUTE(z, N, _)                              \
    is_weak_substitute<BOOST_PP_CAT(T, N), Expected>::type::value &&          \
    /***/

    // make sure unused variant parameters do not affect the outcome
    template <typename Expected>
    struct is_weak_substitute<boost::detail::variant::void_, Expected>
      : mpl::true_
    {};

    template <BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(typename T), typename Expected>
    struct is_weak_substitute<
            boost::variant<BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(T)>, Expected>
      : mpl::bool_<BOOST_PP_REPEAT(BOOST_VARIANT_LIMIT_TYPES
          , BOOST_SPIRIT_IS_WEAK_SUBSTITUTE, _) true>
    {};

#undef BOOST_SPIRIT_IS_WEAK_SUBSTITUTE
#endif

    template <typename T>
    struct is_weak_substitute<T, T
          , typename enable_if<
                mpl::and_<not_is_optional<T>, not_is_variant<T> >
            >::type>
      : mpl::true_ {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename T, typename Enable/* = void*/>
    struct is_proxy : mpl::false_ {};

    template <typename T>
    struct is_proxy<T,
        typename enable_if<
            mpl::and_<
                fusion::traits::is_sequence<T>,
                fusion::traits::is_view<T>
            >
        >::type>
      : mpl::true_ {};

    namespace detail
    {
        // By declaring a nested struct in your class/struct, you tell
        // spirit that it is regarded as a variant type. The minimum
        // required interface for such a variant is that it has constructors
        // for various types supported by your variant and a typedef 'types'
        // which is an mpl sequence of the contained types.
        //
        // This is an intrusive interface. For a non-intrusive interface,
        // use the not_is_variant trait.
        BOOST_MPL_HAS_XXX_TRAIT_DEF(adapted_variant_tag)
    }

    template <typename T, typename Domain, typename Enable/* = void*/>
    struct not_is_variant
      : mpl::not_<detail::has_adapted_variant_tag<T> >
    {};

    template <BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(typename T), typename Domain>
    struct not_is_variant<boost::variant<BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(T)>, Domain>
      : mpl::false_
    {};

    // we treat every type as if it where the variant (as this meta function is
    // invoked for variant types only)
    template <typename T>
    struct variant_type
      : mpl::identity<T>
    {};

    template <typename T>
    struct variant_type<boost::optional<T> >
      : variant_type<T>
    {};

    template <typename T, typename Domain>
    struct not_is_variant_or_variant_in_optional
      : not_is_variant<typename variant_type<T>::type, Domain>
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // The compute_compatible_component_variant
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    namespace detail
    {
        //  A component is compatible to a given Attribute type if the
        //  Attribute is the same as the expected type of the component or if
        //  it is convertible to the expected type.
        template <typename Expected, typename Attribute>
        struct attribute_is_compatible
          : is_convertible<Attribute, Expected>
        {};

        template <typename Expected, typename Attribute>
        struct attribute_is_compatible<Expected, boost::optional<Attribute> >
          : is_convertible<Attribute, Expected>
        {};

        template <typename Container>
        struct is_hold_any_container
          : traits::is_hold_any<typename traits::container_value<Container>::type>
        {};
    }

    template <typename Attribute, typename Expected
      , typename IsNotVariant = mpl::false_, typename Enable = void>
    struct compute_compatible_component_variant
      : mpl::or_<
            traits::detail::attribute_is_compatible<Expected, Attribute>
          , traits::is_hold_any<Expected>
          , mpl::eval_if<
                is_container<Expected>
              , traits::detail::is_hold_any_container<Expected>
              , mpl::false_> >
    {};

    namespace detail
    {
        BOOST_MPL_HAS_XXX_TRAIT_DEF(types)
    }

    template <typename Variant, typename Expected>
    struct compute_compatible_component_variant<Variant, Expected, mpl::false_
      , typename enable_if<detail::has_types<typename variant_type<Variant>::type> >::type>
    {
        typedef typename traits::variant_type<Variant>::type variant_type;
        typedef typename variant_type::types types;
        typedef typename mpl::end<types>::type end;

        typedef typename
            mpl::find_if<types, is_same<Expected, mpl::_1> >::type
        iter;

        typedef typename mpl::distance<
            typename mpl::begin<types>::type, iter
        >::type distance;

        // true_ if the attribute matches one of the types in the variant
        typedef typename mpl::not_<is_same<iter, end> >::type type;
        enum { value = type::value };

        // return the type in the variant the attribute is compatible with
        typedef typename
            mpl::eval_if<type, mpl::deref<iter>, mpl::identity<unused_type> >::type
        compatible_type;

        // return whether the given type is compatible with the Expected type
        static bool is_compatible(int which)
        {
            return which == distance::value;
        }
    };

    template <typename Expected, typename Attribute, typename Domain>
    struct compute_compatible_component
      : compute_compatible_component_variant<Attribute, Expected
          , typename not_is_variant_or_variant_in_optional<Attribute, Domain>::type> {};

    template <typename Expected, typename Domain>
    struct compute_compatible_component<Expected, unused_type, Domain>
      : mpl::false_ {};

    template <typename Attribute, typename Domain>
    struct compute_compatible_component<unused_type, Attribute, Domain>
      : mpl::false_ {};

    template <typename Domain>
    struct compute_compatible_component<unused_type, unused_type, Domain>
      : mpl::false_ {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // return the type currently stored in the given variant
    template <BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(typename T)>
    struct variant_which<boost::variant<BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(T)> >
    {
        static int call(boost::variant<BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(T)> const& v)
        {
            return v.which();
        }
    };

    template <typename T>
    int which(T const& v)
    {
        return variant_which<T>::call(v);
    }

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename T, typename Domain, typename Enable/* = void*/>
    struct not_is_optional
      : mpl::true_
    {};

    template <typename T, typename Domain>
    struct not_is_optional<boost::optional<T>, Domain>
      : mpl::false_
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // attribute_of
    //
    // Get the component's attribute
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Component
      , typename Context = unused_type, typename Iterator = unused_type>
    struct attribute_of
    {
        typedef typename Component::template
            attribute<Context, Iterator>::type type;
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // attribute_not_unused
    //
    // An mpl meta-function class that determines whether a component's
    // attribute is not unused.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Context, typename Iterator = unused_type>
    struct attribute_not_unused
    {
        template <typename Component>
        struct apply
          : not_is_unused<typename
                attribute_of<Component, Context, Iterator>::type>
        {};
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Retrieve the attribute type to use from the given type
    //
    // This is needed to extract the correct attribute type from proxy classes
    // as utilized in FUSION_ADAPT_ADT et. al.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Attribute, typename Enable/* = void*/>
    struct attribute_type : mpl::identity<Attribute> {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Retrieve the size of a fusion sequence (compile time)
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename T>
    struct sequence_size
      : fusion::result_of::size<T>
    {};

    template <>
    struct sequence_size<unused_type>
      : mpl::int_<0>
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Retrieve the size of an attribute (runtime)
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    namespace detail
    {
        template <typename Attribute, typename Enable = void>
        struct attribute_size_impl
        {
            typedef std::size_t type;

            static type call(Attribute const&)
            {
                return 1;
            }
        };

        template <typename Attribute>
        struct attribute_size_impl<Attribute
          , typename enable_if<
                mpl::and_<
                    fusion::traits::is_sequence<Attribute>
                  , mpl::not_<traits::is_container<Attribute> >
                >
            >::type>
        {
            typedef typename fusion::result_of::size<Attribute>::value_type type;

            static type call(Attribute const& attr)
            {
                return fusion::size(attr);
            }
        };

        template <typename Attribute>
        struct attribute_size_impl<Attribute
          , typename enable_if<
                mpl::and_<
                    traits::is_container<Attribute>
                  , mpl::not_<traits::is_iterator_range<Attribute> >
                >
            >::type>
        {
            typedef typename Attribute::size_type type;

            static type call(Attribute const& attr)
            {
                return attr.size();
            }
        };
    }

    template <typename Attribute, typename Enable/* = void*/>
    struct attribute_size
      : detail::attribute_size_impl<Attribute>
    {};

    template <typename Attribute>
    struct attribute_size<optional<Attribute> >
    {
        typedef typename attribute_size<Attribute>::type type;

        static type call(optional<Attribute> const& val)
        {
            if (!val)
                return 0;
            return traits::size(val.get());
        }
    };

    namespace detail
    {
        struct attribute_size_visitor : static_visitor<std::size_t>
        {
            template <typename T>
            std::size_t operator()(T const& val) const
            {
                return spirit::traits::size(val);
            }
        };
    }

    template <BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(typename T)>
    struct attribute_size<variant<BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(T)> >
    {
        typedef std::size_t type;

        static type call(variant<BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(T)> const& val)
        {
            return apply_visitor(detail::attribute_size_visitor(), val);
        }
    };

    template <typename Iterator>
    struct attribute_size<iterator_range<Iterator> >
    {
        typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::
            difference_type type;

        static type call(iterator_range<Iterator> const& r)
        {
            return std::distance(r.begin(), r.end());
        }
    };

    template <>
    struct attribute_size<unused_type>
    {
        typedef std::size_t type;

        static type call(unused_type)
        {
            return 0;
        }
    };

    template <typename Attribute>
    typename attribute_size<Attribute>::type
    size (Attribute const& attr)
    {
        return attribute_size<Attribute>::call(attr);
    }

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // pass_attribute
    //
    // Determines how we pass attributes to semantic actions. This
    // may be specialized. By default, all attributes are wrapped in
    // a fusion sequence, because the attribute has to be treated as being
    // a single value in any case (even if it actually already is a fusion
    // sequence in its own).
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Component, typename Attribute, typename Enable/* = void*/>
    struct pass_attribute
    {
        typedef fusion::vector1<Attribute&> type;
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Subclass a pass_attribute specialization from this to wrap
    // the attribute in a tuple only IFF it is not already a fusion tuple.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Attribute, typename Force = mpl::false_>
    struct wrap_if_not_tuple
      : mpl::if_<
            fusion::traits::is_sequence<Attribute>
          , Attribute&, fusion::vector1<Attribute&> >
    {};

    template <typename Attribute>
    struct wrap_if_not_tuple<Attribute, mpl::true_>
    {
        typedef fusion::vector1<Attribute&> type;
    };

    template <>
    struct wrap_if_not_tuple<unused_type, mpl::false_>
    {
        typedef unused_type type;
    };

    template <>
    struct wrap_if_not_tuple<unused_type const, mpl::false_>
    {
        typedef unused_type type;
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // build_optional
    //
    // Build a boost::optional from T. Return unused_type if T is unused_type.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename T>
    struct build_optional
    {
        typedef boost::optional<T> type;
    };

    template <typename T>
    struct build_optional<boost::optional<T> >
    {
        typedef boost::optional<T> type;
    };

    template <>
    struct build_optional<unused_type>
    {
        typedef unused_type type;
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // build_std_vector
    //
    // Build a std::vector from T. Return unused_type if T is unused_type.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename T>
    struct build_std_vector
    {
        typedef std::vector<T> type;
    };

    template <>
    struct build_std_vector<unused_type>
    {
        typedef unused_type type;
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // filter_unused_attributes
    //
    // Remove unused_types from a sequence
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    // Compute the list of all *used* attributes of sub-components
    // (filter all unused attributes from the list)
    template <typename Sequence>
    struct filter_unused_attributes
      : fusion::result_of::filter_if<Sequence, not_is_unused<mpl::_> >
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // sequence_attribute_transform
    //
    // This transform is invoked for every attribute in a sequence allowing
    // to modify the attribute type exposed by a component to the enclosing
    // sequence component. By default no transformation is performed.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Attribute, typename Domain>
    struct sequence_attribute_transform
      : mpl::identity<Attribute>
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // permutation_attribute_transform
    //
    // This transform is invoked for every attribute in a sequence allowing
    // to modify the attribute type exposed by a component to the enclosing
    // permutation component. By default a build_optional transformation is
    // performed.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Attribute, typename Domain>
    struct permutation_attribute_transform
      : traits::build_optional<Attribute>
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // sequential_or_attribute_transform
    //
    // This transform is invoked for every attribute in a sequential_or allowing
    // to modify the attribute type exposed by a component to the enclosing
    // sequential_or component. By default a build_optional transformation is
    // performed.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Attribute, typename Domain>
    struct sequential_or_attribute_transform
      : traits::build_optional<Attribute>
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // build_fusion_vector
    //
    // Build a fusion vector from a fusion sequence. All unused attributes
    // are filtered out. If the result is empty after the removal of unused
    // types, return unused_type. If the input sequence is an unused_type,
    // also return unused_type.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Sequence>
    struct build_fusion_vector
    {
        // Remove all unused attributes
        typedef typename
            filter_unused_attributes<Sequence>::type
        filtered_attributes;

        // Build a fusion vector from a fusion sequence (Sequence),
        // But *only if* the sequence is not empty. i.e. if the
        // sequence is empty, our result will be unused_type.

        typedef typename
            mpl::eval_if<
                fusion::result_of::empty<filtered_attributes>
              , mpl::identity<unused_type>
              , fusion::result_of::as_vector<filtered_attributes>
            >::type
        type;
    };

    template <>
    struct build_fusion_vector<unused_type>
    {
        typedef unused_type type;
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // build_attribute_sequence
    //
    // Build a fusion sequence attribute sequence from a sequence of
    // components. Transform<T>::type is called on each element.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Sequence, typename Context
      , template <typename T, typename D> class Transform
      , typename Iterator = unused_type, typename Domain = unused_type>
    struct build_attribute_sequence
    {
        struct element_attribute
        {
            template <typename T>
            struct result;

            template <typename F, typename Element>
            struct result<F(Element)>
            {
                typedef typename
                    Transform<
                        typename attribute_of<Element, Context, Iterator>::type
                      , Domain
                    >::type
                type;
            };

            // never called, but needed for decltype-based result_of (C++0x)
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
            template <typename Element>
            typename result<element_attribute(Element)>::type
            operator()(Element&&) const;
#endif
        };

        // Compute the list of attributes of all sub-components
        typedef typename
            fusion::result_of::transform<Sequence, element_attribute>::type
        type;
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // has_no_unused
    //
    // Test if there are no unused attributes in Sequence
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Sequence>
    struct has_no_unused
      : is_same<
            typename mpl::find_if<Sequence, is_same<mpl::_, unused_type> >::type
          , typename mpl::end<Sequence>::type>
    {};

    namespace detail
    {
        template <typename Sequence, bool no_unused
            , int size = mpl::size<Sequence>::value>
        struct build_collapsed_variant;

        // N element case, no unused
        template <typename Sequence, int size>
        struct build_collapsed_variant<Sequence, true, size>
            : spirit::detail::as_variant<Sequence> {};

        // N element case with unused
        template <typename Sequence, int size>
        struct build_collapsed_variant<Sequence, false, size>
        {
            typedef boost::optional<
                typename spirit::detail::as_variant<
                    typename fusion::result_of::pop_front<Sequence>::type
                >::type
            > type;
        };

        // 1 element case, no unused
        template <typename Sequence>
        struct build_collapsed_variant<Sequence, true, 1>
            : mpl::front<Sequence> {};

        // 1 element case, with unused
        template <typename Sequence>
        struct build_collapsed_variant<Sequence, false, 1>
            : mpl::front<Sequence> {};

        // 2 element case, no unused
        template <typename Sequence>
        struct build_collapsed_variant<Sequence, true, 2>
            : spirit::detail::as_variant<Sequence> {};

        // 2 element case, with unused
        template <typename Sequence>
        struct build_collapsed_variant<Sequence, false, 2>
        {
            typedef boost::optional<
                typename mpl::deref<
                    typename mpl::next<
                        typename mpl::begin<Sequence>::type
                    >::type
                >::type
            >
            type;
        };
    }

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // alternative_attribute_transform
    //
    // This transform is invoked for every attribute in an alternative allowing
    // to modify the attribute type exposed by a component to the enclosing
    // alternative component. By default no transformation is performed.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Attribute, typename Domain>
    struct alternative_attribute_transform
      : mpl::identity<Attribute>
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // build_variant
    //
    // Build a boost::variant from a fusion sequence. build_variant makes sure
    // that 1) all attributes in the variant are unique 2) puts the unused
    // attribute, if there is any, to the front and 3) collapses single element
    // variants, variant<T> to T.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Sequence>
    struct build_variant
    {
        // Remove all unused attributes.
        typedef typename
            filter_unused_attributes<Sequence>::type
        filtered_attributes;

        typedef has_no_unused<Sequence> no_unused;

        // If the original attribute list does not contain any unused
        // attributes, it is used, otherwise a single unused_type is
        // pushed to the front of the list. This is to make sure that if
        // there is an unused_type in the list, it is the first one.
        typedef typename
            mpl::eval_if<
                no_unused,
                mpl::identity<Sequence>,
                fusion::result_of::push_front<filtered_attributes, unused_type>
            >::type
        attribute_sequence;

        // Make sure each of the types occur only once in the type list
        typedef typename
            mpl::fold<
                attribute_sequence, mpl::vector<>,
                mpl::if_<
                    mpl::contains<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>,
                    mpl::_1, mpl::push_back<mpl::_1, mpl::_2>
                >
            >::type
        no_duplicates;

        // If there is only one type in the list of types we strip off the
        // variant. IOTW, collapse single element variants, variant<T> to T.
        // Take note that this also collapses variant<unused_type, T> to T.
        typedef typename
            traits::detail::build_collapsed_variant<
                no_duplicates, no_unused::value>::type
        type;
    };

    namespace detail {
        // Domain-agnostic class template partial specializations and
        // type agnostic domain partial specializations are ambious.
        // To resolve the ambiguity type agnostic domain partial
        // specializations are dispatched via intermediate type.
        template <typename Exposed, typename Transformed, typename Domain>
        struct transform_attribute_base;

        template <typename Attribute>
        struct synthesize_attribute
        {
            typedef Attribute type;
            static Attribute pre(unused_type) { return Attribute(); }
            static void post(unused_type, Attribute const&) {}
            static void fail(unused_type) {}
        };
    }
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //  transform_attribute
    //
    //  Sometimes the user needs to transform the attribute types for certain
    //  attributes. This template can be used as a customization point, where
    //  the user is able specify specific transformation rules for any attribute
    //  type.
    //
    //  Note: the transformations involving unused_type are internal details
    //  and may be subject to change at any time.
    //
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Exposed, typename Transformed, typename Domain
      , typename Enable/* = void*/>
    struct transform_attribute
      : detail::transform_attribute_base<Exposed, Transformed, Domain>
    {
        BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(!is_reference<Exposed>::value,
            "Exposed cannot be a reference type");
        BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(!is_reference<Transformed>::value,
            "Transformed cannot be a reference type");
    };

    template <typename Transformed, typename Domain>
    struct transform_attribute<unused_type, Transformed, Domain>
      : detail::synthesize_attribute<Transformed>
    {};

    template <typename Transformed, typename Domain>
    struct transform_attribute<unused_type const, Transformed, Domain>
      : detail::synthesize_attribute<Transformed>
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // swap_impl
    //
    // Swap (with proper handling of unused_types)
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename A, typename B>
    void swap_impl(A& a, B& b)
    {
        A temp = a;
        a = b;
        b = temp;
    }

    template <typename T>
    void swap_impl(T& a, T& b)
    {
        boost::swap(a, b);
    }

    template <typename A>
    void swap_impl(A&, unused_type)
    {
    }

    template <typename A>
    void swap_impl(unused_type, A&)
    {
    }

    inline void swap_impl(unused_type, unused_type)
    {
    }

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //  Strips single element fusion vectors into its 'naked'
    //  form: vector<T> --> T
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename T>
    struct strip_single_element_vector
    {
        typedef T type;
    };

#if !defined(BOOST_FUSION_HAS_VARIADIC_VECTOR)
    template <typename T>
    struct strip_single_element_vector<fusion::vector1<T> >
    {
        typedef T type;
    };
#endif
    template <typename T>
    struct strip_single_element_vector<fusion::vector<T> >
    {
        typedef T type;
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // meta function to return whether the argument is a one element fusion
    // sequence
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename T
      , bool IsFusionSeq = fusion::traits::is_sequence<T>::value
      , bool IsProtoExpr = proto::is_expr<T>::value>
    struct one_element_sequence
      : mpl::false_
    {};

    template <typename T>
    struct one_element_sequence<T, true, false>
      : mpl::bool_<mpl::size<T>::value == 1>
    {};

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // clear
    //
    // Clear data efficiently
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename T>
    void clear(T& val);

    namespace detail
    {
        // this is used by the variant and fusion sequence dispatch
        struct clear_visitor : static_visitor<>
        {
            template <typename T>
            void operator()(T& val) const
            {
                spirit::traits::clear(val);
            }
        };

        // default
        template <typename T>
        void clear_impl2(T& val, mpl::false_)
        {
            val = T();
        }

        // for fusion sequences
        template <typename T>
        void clear_impl2(T& val, mpl::true_)
        {
            fusion::for_each(val, clear_visitor());
        }

        // dispatch default or fusion sequence
        template <typename T>
        void clear_impl(T& val, mpl::false_)
        {
            clear_impl2(val, fusion::traits::is_sequence<T>());
        }

        // STL containers
        template <typename T>
        void clear_impl(T& val, mpl::true_)
        {
            val.clear();
        }
    }

    template <typename T, typename Enable/* = void*/>
    struct clear_value
    {
        static void call(T& val)
        {
            detail::clear_impl(val, typename is_container<T>::type());
        }
    };

    // optionals
    template <typename T>
    struct clear_value<boost::optional<T> >
    {
        static void call(boost::optional<T>& val)
        {
            if (val)
                val = none;   // leave optional uninitialized
        }
    };

    // variants
    template <BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(typename T)>
    struct clear_value<variant<BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(T)> >
    {
        static void call(variant<BOOST_VARIANT_ENUM_PARAMS(T)>& val)
        {
            apply_visitor(detail::clear_visitor(), val);
        }
    };

    // iterator range
    template <typename T>
    struct clear_value<iterator_range<T> >
    {
        static void call(iterator_range<T>& val)
        {
            val = iterator_range<T>(val.end(), val.end());
        }
    };

    // main dispatch
    template <typename T>
    void clear(T& val)
    {
        clear_value<T>::call(val);
    }

    // for unused
    inline void clear(unused_type)
    {
    }

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    namespace detail
    {
        template <typename Out>
        struct print_fusion_sequence
        {
            print_fusion_sequence(Out& out_)
              : out(out_), is_first(true) {}

            typedef void result_type;

            template <typename T>
            void operator()(T const& val) const
            {
                if (is_first)
                    is_first = false;
                else
                    out << ", ";
                spirit::traits::print_attribute(out, val);
            }

            Out& out;
            mutable bool is_first;
        };

        // print elements in a variant
        template <typename Out>
        struct print_visitor : static_visitor<>
        {
            print_visitor(Out& out_) : out(out_) {}

            template <typename T>
            void operator()(T const& val) const
            {
                spirit::traits::print_attribute(out, val);
            }

            Out& out;
        };
    }

    template <typename Out, typename T, typename Enable>
    struct print_attribute_debug
    {
        // for plain data types
        template <typename T_>
        static void call_impl3(Out& out, T_ const& val, mpl::false_)
        {
            out << val;
        }

        // for fusion data types
        template <typename T_>
        static void call_impl3(Out& out, T_ const& val, mpl::true_)
        {
            out << '[';
            fusion::for_each(val, detail::print_fusion_sequence<Out>(out));
            out << ']';
        }

        // non-stl container
        template <typename T_>
        static void call_impl2(Out& out, T_ const& val, mpl::false_)
        {
            call_impl3(out, val, fusion::traits::is_sequence<T_>());
        }

        // stl container
        template <typename T_>
        static void call_impl2(Out& out, T_ const& val, mpl::true_)
        {
            out << '[';
            if (!traits::is_empty(val))
            {
                bool first = true;
                typename container_iterator<T_ const>::type iend = traits::end(val);
                for (typename container_iterator<T_ const>::type i = traits::begin(val);
                     !traits::compare(i, iend); traits::next(i))
                {
                    if (!first)
                        out << ", ";
                    first = false;
                    spirit::traits::print_attribute(out, traits::deref(i));
                }
            }
            out << ']';
        }

        // for variant types
        template <typename T_>
        static void call_impl(Out& out, T_ const& val, mpl::false_)
        {
            apply_visitor(detail::print_visitor<Out>(out), val);
        }

        // for non-variant types
        template <typename T_>
        static void call_impl(Out& out, T_ const& val, mpl::true_)
        {
            call_impl2(out, val, is_container<T_>());
        }

        // main entry point
        static void call(Out& out, T const& val)
        {
            call_impl(out, val, not_is_variant<T>());
        }
    };

    template <typename Out, typename T>
    struct print_attribute_debug<Out, boost::optional<T> >
    {
        static void call(Out& out, boost::optional<T> const& val)
        {
            if (val)
                spirit::traits::print_attribute(out, *val);
            else
                out << "[empty]";
        }
    };

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    template <typename Out, typename T>
    inline void print_attribute(Out& out, T const& val)
    {
        print_attribute_debug<Out, T>::call(out, val);
    }

    template <typename Out>
    inline void print_attribute(Out&, unused_type)
    {
    }

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // generate debug output for lookahead token (character) stream
    namespace detail
    {
        struct token_printer_debug_for_chars
        {
            template<typename Out, typename Char>
            static void print(Out& o, Char c)
            {
                using namespace std;    // allow for ADL to find the proper iscntrl

                if (c == static_cast<Char>('\a'))
                    o << "\\a";
                else if (c == static_cast<Char>('\b'))
                    o << "\\b";
                else if (c == static_cast<Char>('\f'))
                    o << "\\f";
                else if (c == static_cast<Char>('\n'))
                    o << "\\n";
                else if (c == static_cast<Char>('\r'))
                    o << "\\r";
                else if (c == static_cast<Char>('\t'))
                    o << "\\t";
                else if (c == static_cast<Char>('\v'))
                    o << "\\v";
                else if (c >= 0 && c < 127 && iscntrl(c))
                    o << "\\" << std::oct << static_cast<int>(c);
                else
                    o << static_cast<char>(c);
            }
        };

        // for token types where the comparison with char constants wouldn't work
        struct token_printer_debug
        {
            template<typename Out, typename T>
            static void print(Out& o, T const& val)
            {
                o << val;
            }
        };
    }

    template <typename T, typename Enable>
    struct token_printer_debug
      : mpl::if_<
            mpl::and_<
                is_convertible<T, char>, is_convertible<char, T> >
          , detail::token_printer_debug_for_chars
          , detail::token_printer_debug>::type
    {};

    template <typename Out, typename T>
    inline void print_token(Out& out, T const& val)
    {
        // allow to customize the token printer routine
        token_printer_debug<T>::print(out, val);
    }
}}}

#endif
